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| ARPN Journal of Agricultural and Biological
Science
February 2013 | Vol. 8 No. 2 |
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Title: |
Studying
the reaction of long oak apple trees to the absorption of
lead in the industrial park of rasht |
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Author (s): |
Hossein
Sammak Amani, Seyed Armin Hashemi and Sayed Yousef Torabian |
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Abstract: |
The treatments included four stations: The fourth station
was considered as the low-traffic, control station, which
was located at the farthest distance from the contaminated
area and factories. The three other stations were located at
high-traffic and contaminated areas of the town. After that,
using Tehran Municipality's Parks and Green Space Reports,
and also by navigating through the streets in the industrial
park, the oak apple trees were identified and selected in
each station in order to make comparisons between them. The
range of sampling was also adjusted so that it would be
carried out during the summer. In this way, a random
sampling was performed from four directions of the canopy
for leaves and 15 grams of root and soil in order to measure
lead absorption during the summer. The results showed that
the highest concentration of lead accumulated in soil is
related to station three. The lowest level of lead in the
soil was related to station four, which was located at a
further distance to the sources of pollution. The fourth
station, which was considered as the control station, had
the lowest level of lead concentration in the roots. Based
on the results, the amount of lead absorbed by leaves was
much higher than by roots in all stations. One of the major
reasons for this is that leaves are exposed to polluted air. |
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Title: |
Effect of
diquat in irrigation water on germination and vegetative
growth of rice |
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Author (s): |
T. F.
Chiconela, T. J. Koschnick and W. T. Haller |
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Abstract: |
The effect of different diquat
concentrations in irrigation water on rice treated at
germinating, young, tillering, and mature stages was
evaluated. Diquat phytotoxicity to rice at all stages tested
was determined using dry weight and growth inhibition
fourteen-days after treatment (14 DAT). Germinating rice
seed was the most sensitive to diquat in irrigation water.
Concentrations resulting in 10% reduction in seedling dry
weight compared to control plants were 0.016 mg L-1
for shoots and, 0.004 mg L-1 for roots,
respectively. Concentrations greater than 0.2 mg L-1
inhibited root growth and at 0.4 mg L-1 shoot
growth was reduced. Conversely, plants grown in sand and
treated at seedling (3-4 leaf), tillering (initial stage)
and mature (before seed head setting) vegetative stages were
more tolerant to diquat concentrations in irrigation water.
Diquat concentrations required to reduce dry weights of rice
plants at immature to more mature growth stages by 10%
ranged from 1.11 to 2.89 mg L-1, respectively.
Plant growth was inhibited at concentrations greater than
25.0 mg L-1 across all growth stages. Depending
upon the application rate, irrigation of newly seeded rice
fields with water from diquat treated irrigation canals or
ponds should be delayed until plants reach a minimum of 3-4
leaf stage to avoid potential growth inhibition on
germinating seeds. |
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Title: |
Biodegradation of oily wastewater by pure culture of
bacillus cereus |
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Author (s): |
Marina
Bujang, Noor Azlina Ibrahim and
Aweng a/l Eh Rak |
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Abstract: |
The discharges of oily
wastewater to environment caused serious damages to human,
animal and environment and bioremediation are an attractive
alternative to chemical method for removal of hydrocarbon
from industrial effluents. This study has demonstrated a
very good biodegradation capability of oily wastewater by
Bacillus cereus. In spite of the complex composition of
oily wastewater from three different automotive workshops,
biodegradation could be accomplished by Bacillus cereus.
The total hydrocarbon in oily wastewater degraded by the
Bacillus cereus expressed in percentages showed that the
Bacillus cereus has the ability to degraded oily
wastewater component in range 3% to 91%. From three
different oily wastewater samples from different automotive
workshop in Kota Bharu, the highest growth and degradability
was obtained on oily wastewater from automotive workshop T.
After 5 days of incubation, from 5% to 91% of oily
wastewater components from automotive workshop T were
removed by Bacillus cereus. Meanwhile, Bacillus
cereus degraded only 20% to 62% of hydrocarbon
components present in oily wastewater collected from
automotive workshop P and 3% to 47% of hydrocarbon component
in oily wastewater from automotive workshop K. The present
studies suggested that the Bacillus cereus grew
maximally on the three different oily wastewaters from
automotive workshops when supplied as the sole source of
carbon and energy and the greatest Bacillus cereus
growth was detected on oily wastewater from automotive
workshop T followed by oily wastewater from automotive
workshop K and automotive workshop P.
Apart from growth, the changes in
pH in MSM medium during oily wastewater degradation by
Bacillus cereus were also determined and it found that
the pH of medium during the degradation of oily wastewater
by Bacillus cereus was at acidic condition for all
flasks. In conclusion, this study demonstrated the
hydrocarbon degrading organism can be isolated from
hydrocarbon polluted area and the degrading ability by
Bacillus cereus is a clear indicator that this bacteria
can be applied in the bioremediation techniques. |
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Title: |
The
pruning on mango (Mangifera Indica L) |
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Author (s): |
Kuswandi,
Fitriana Nasution and Nofiarli |
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Abstract: |
The
research was
conducted at Sumani Experimental Farm, Indonesian
Tropical Fruit Research Institute, Solok, West Sumatera in
June 2010. The grafting of mango seedlings
(cv. Bengkulu) as a treatment and rootstock as a control.
The grafting of mango seedlings were pruned about 10 cm
above the grafting area and the rootstock seedlings were cut
30 cm above
soil surface. The parameters
were observed included:
shoots emergence time, shoots number, biomass percentage,
leaf length and leaf width. Observations were carried out
once a week. Data were analyzed using paired t test. Based on the
results observation, it was found that
treatment
had not significant effect to all parameters. |
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Title: |
Nutritional status assessment and dietary intake of the
cardiovascular disease patients |
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Author (s): |
Rattan Kaur Chawla,
Niamatullah and Muhammad Arif |
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Abstract: |
A study was designed to know
the dietary management and to compare the actual intake of
macronutrients with the recommended intake of the
hospitalized cardiovascular disease patients at Rehman
Medical Institute, Peshawar, Pakistan. A sample of 101 CVD
hospitalized patients was selected by using convenient
sampling method. Questionnaire regarding clinical,
biochemical, dietary, family history, demographic and
socioeconomic status was developed. Nutritional status was
assessed by anthropometric measurements and by calculating
BMI. Dietary intake was assessed by using 24-hour dietary
recall method and food frequency questionnaire. Results
presented that 74.3% of the patients were hypertensive,
37.6% were diabetic, and 41.6% with positive family history,
67.3% used saturated fats in routine life and 86.1% with
sedentary life style. Mean age was found to be 52.7±16.5
years, BMI 24.2±5.3 was in normal range but at the edge of
normal, and 43.6% of the patients were illiterate. Patients’
actual intake was not fulfilling their recommended intake as
they were consuming only 74.26% of the recommended
carbohydrate, 26.3% of the recommended fats and 39.3% of the
recommended protein intake. There was a significant gap
between the macronutrients intake of the hospitalized
patients. |
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Title: |
Identification of slow-blasting rice genotypes through
multivariate analysis of components of resistance |
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Author (s): |
A.K.
Mukherjee, N.K. Mohapatra and P. Nayak |
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Abstract: |
Slow-blasting resistance in
rice, caused by Magnaporthe grisea (Hebert)
Barr, characterized by longer incubation period and
latent period, shorter infectious period, lower infection
efficiency, number of lesions per leaf, necrotic zone area,
chlorotic zone area, mean lesion area, lesion cover,
sporulation capacity and finally lower area under disease
progress curve; was recognized in 13 rice genotypes. There
was a strong association among all the components, except
infection frequency in terms of the number of penetration
points which was not correlated with any of the 13
components. The basic data on the dynamics of components of
slow-blasting resistance was analyzed by means of the
methods of multi-variate analyses like the principal
component analysis (PCA), the factor analysis and the
cluster analysis. The factor analysis recognized three
factors, each explaining distinct phases of the pathogen
like establishment, growth and reproduction, while nine
principal components (PC) were identified through PCA; PC-1
alone accounting for the largest amount (96.3 %) of the
total variability. The cluster analysis recognized groups of
genotypes possessing distinct slow-blasting and
fast-blasting characteristics. Super-imposition of the
clustering pattern on to the Figure on ordination of the
genotype-scores on the planes of PC-1 and PC-2, clearly
displayed the positioning of the slow-blasting
genotype-clusters nearer to the point of intersection
between the two ordinates and the fast-blasting
genotype-clusters away from it. Thus, the genotypes could be
arrayed in a spectrum ranging from slow-blasting resistance
to those possessing fast-blasting attributes. The
confirmation of the field reactions of these
genotype-clusters through estimation of cluster means in
respect of 12 parameters and comparison of the respective
average disease progress curves, explores the possibility of
practical utility of the methods of multivariate analyses
for easy and quick identification of genotypes possessing
slow-blasting resistance. |
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Title: |
Water
requirement, deficit irrigation and crop coefficient of hot
pepper (Capsicum frutescens var legon18) using
irrigation intervalof two (2) days |
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Author (s): |
L. K.
Sam-Amoah, R. Opoku Darko and J. D. Owusu-Sekyere |
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Abstract: |
This paper reports on the first part of a
study whose objective was to calibrate and evaluate the FAO
crop model AquaCrop for hot pepper. Specifically, it reports
on the water requirement of hot pepper using an irrigation
interval of two (2) days and also the effect of deficit
irrigation on the growth and yield of hot pepper.
At
100% water application (full irrigation), the crop
coefficients for hot pepper were determined to be in the
ranges: 0.41 - 0.74, 0.72 - 0.83, 0.98 - 1.03 and 0.5 - 0.74
for the initial, developmental, mid-season and late season
stages respectively. The total amount of water applied for
the 118 days ranged between 320mm and 432mm. The water use
pattern had a significant effect on the yield and agronomic
parameters of the crop such as plant height and leaf area.
20% deficit irrigation had no significant reduction on the
yield of hot pepper but above this threshold there was an
adverse effect on the growth and yield. |
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Title: |
Comparative study of yield and yield contributing traits of
different genotypes in bread wheat |
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Author (s): |
MD. Hasnath
Karim and M. A. Jahan |
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Abstract: |
Ten different genotypes of
bread wheat were evaluated for analysis the yield and yield
related traits. The objectives of the study was to study the
performances of some wheat varieties for grain yield and its
contributing characters and study the heritability for grain
yield and its contributing characters. The study revealed
that there have significant differences among the different
genotypes of bread wheat. From the observation it is clear
that Akbar and Shourav have highest height and they were
69.3cm. Sufi was the smallest variety (54.33cm). Shatabdi
and Barkat had highest number of tillers (3.67). Pradiv had
the highest spike length (16.20cm), relatively high number
of spikelet/spike and grains weight in per spike was highest
(2.33gm). Some characters of bread wheat are highly
heritable such as length of spike, 100-grain weight, yield
etc. So these characters would be effective for selection in
breeding programme. Sufi and Gourav varieties are semi
dwarf. Pradiv, Shatabdi and Prativa have the higher yield
than other varieties are semi dwarf in nature. The degree of
relationship varied from genotype to genotype. |
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Title: |
Physiochemical and nutritional evaluation of selected
Pakistani wheat varieties |
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Author (s): |
Muhsin
Jamal, Inam -ur- Rahman, Muhammad Asif Nawaz, Sami ullah,
Tahir Hussain, Muhammad Ali and Muhammad
Shuaib |
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Abstract: |
Malnutrition is a serious
global problem today. One of the major causes of this
malnutrition is that the food supplements do not provide
ample nutrients for the high risk groups. In this study
sixteen wheat varieties namely Nacozari-76, Ouqab, Tatar-96,
Bakhtawar-92, Yecura-70, Raj, Bakkar, Sulilman-96,
Pirsabak-05, Maria, Khyber-87, Fakhr-e-Sarhad, Pirsabak-04,
Inqulab-91 and Rawal-87 were evaluated for physiochemical
and nutritional properties such as moisture content, ash
content, electrical conductivity, thousand grain mass (TGM)
and mineral composition. These properties mainly influence
the quality of bread made from wheat which is the staple
food of people in Pakistan. The wheat variety Ghaznavi-98
contains highest content of moisture with value of 8.38 %.
The lowest moisture content was present in Ouqab with 6.68%.
The aim of the study was to evaluate different wheat
varieties for these parameters and to find out the variety
with best physiochemical and nutritional values. Data
represented the high TGM (Thousand Grain Mass) of Raj with
42.80g while Fakhr-e-Sarhad has less TGM value of 28.03g per
100 grain. Electrical Conductivity value (measured in micro
Siemen) increased after each interval of 10 minute. Maria,
Ouqab and Bakkar varieties were place on the top having
electrical conductivity of 106.4-135.6uS, 95.6-132.5uS and
91.6-128.5uS respectively. The
mineral composition evaluated show that the potassium
content ranges from 18.79 to 42.82 ppm per 30 grain where as
the average sodium content varies from 2.6 to 6.5ppm per 30
grain. It was concluded that Raj, Inqulab-91and
Yecura-70 have good nutritional and physiochemical
properties and can be manipulated further for improvement. |
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Title: |
Insect
species diversity in fragmented habitats of the university
of port Harcourt, Nigeria |
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Author (s): |
Chima U.
D., Omokhua G. E. and Iganibo-Beresibo E. |
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Abstract: |
The beneficial roles of insects in
facilitating pollination of many cultivated and uncultivated
plants, and as natural enemies of pest species cannot be
overemphasized. The study was carried out to ascertain the
impact of habitat fragmentation and loss on the composition
and diversity of the insect populations within the premises
of the University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Four fragmented
sites - the Biodiversity Conservation Area (BCA),
Monoculture Plantation of Hevea brasilensis
(MP), Gambiama Residential Area (GRA), and Arable Farmland
(AF) - reflecting different land uses/covers and varying
degrees of disturbance, were purposively chosen for the
study. Pan-trap and pit-fall methods were used to trap
insects at the above-ground and ground levels, respectively.
Alpha diversity was measured in each site using Simpson,
Shannon, Menhinick and Margalef indices, while insect
species compositional similarity between each pair of the
sites was assessed using Sorensen’s similarity index. Insect
species richness was highest in BCA followed by AF and GRA
respectively, while it was lowest in MP. Dorylus Sp.
was the most abundant insect species in all the fragments
with the highest number of individuals occurring in AF. AF
also had the highest total number of individuals for all the
species, followed by MP and GRA respectively, while the BCA
had the lowest total number of individuals. Alpha diversity
was highest in BCA followed by GRA and AF respectively,
while MP had the lowest diversity. The level of similarity
between each pair of the fragments in terms of their insect
species composition was generally low (below 23%). The
highest variation (91.67%) was observed between BCA and MP,
followed by MP and AF (90.91%); while the least variation
(77.27) was observed between BCA and GRA. The highest
species richness and diversity observed in the BCA
underscores the importance of the site for insect species
conservation and calls for better protection and management. |
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Title: |
Impact of plant density on yield and yield components of pea
(Pisum sativum
ssp. sativum
L)
cultivars |
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Author (s): |
Derya
Ozveren Yucel |
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Abstract: |
This
research was carried out to investigate association between
yield and other agronomical characters of different pea
cultivars (BOLERO, SPRING and UTRILLO) and plant densities
(30, 40 and 50 plants per square
metre) under the Mediterranean-type conditions of
Turkey, in 2009-10 and 2010-11 growing seasons. All examined
traits were influenced by growing seasons and these
parameters were higher in 2010-11 compared with 2009-10 due
to higher rainfall in the second growing season.
Cultivars had significant effect
on full pod number, total pod number, seed number, and seed
yield. Plant height, first pod height, total pod number and
seed yield were affected by plant densities. The SPRING
cultivar with plant
density of 40
plant m-2 may
be suggested for winterly pea
grown
in the Mediterranean-type conditions. |
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Title: |
Calibration and validation of aqua crop for full and deficit
irrigation of hot pepper |
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Author (s): |
L. K.
Sam-Amoah, R. O. Darko and J. D. Owusu-Sekyere |
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Abstract: |
This paper reports on a study whose objective
was to calibrate and test Aqua
Crop for hot pepper grown under full and deficit irrigation
in a tropical humid coastal savanna zone in south-central
Ghana (Cape Coast). The calibrated Aqua Crop model
concentrated on its performance to predict crop yield and
seasonal crop water requirement (ETc). Four treatments were
investigated: T1 (100% ETc), T2 (90%
ETc), T3 (80% ETc) and T4 (70% ETc).
Aqua Crop could not simulate accurately the yield of hot
pepper for all the treatments with the exception of
Treatment T2 which was simulated with the lowest
deviation of 4%. On the other hand, the model was able to
simulate the seasonal water requirements to an appreciable
degree in both experiments. It must be pointed out that the
calibration of Aqua Crop suffered from a lack of data on the
progress of crop canopy cover which is a very important
parameter used in developing the model. |
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Title: |
Effects
of Nigerian market storage conditions on ascorbic acid
contents of selected tetrapak packaged citrus fruit juice |
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Author (s): |
Ojo
Rotimi Johnson, Abaya Jemimah Yetu and Akintayo Christopher
Oloruntoba |
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Abstract: |
The effect of Nigerian market storage
conditions on ascorbic acid, titratable acidity and pH
values of selected tetrapak packaged citrus fruit juice in
Nigerian markets were studied with increasing shelf life
(storage time). Six
different brands of tetrapak packaged citrus fruit juice
were selected for this study after a market survey of
tetrapak packaged citrus fruit juice commercially available
in Nigerian markets. The selection was made to reflect
brands that are readily available in the markets and
frequently consumed. Selected samples have the same
packaging materials, close manufacturing date and similar
compositions. A typical Nigerian market condition was
imitated during the research with the average maximum and
minimum temperature of the storage being 28 ±5°C and
Relative humidity of 75 + 5% with less
ventilated room. The analyses of the samples were carried
out from 3 months to 10 months from the day of production.
The results showed that there was gradual decrease in
ascorbic acid contents and pH values with increase in
storage period irrespective of the brands but at different
rate depending on the brand while there was increase in
total titratable acidity after storage for 10 months at
ambient room temperature. Therefore, the effect of market
storage conditions should be considered in production
process and there should be proper education of the traders
and consumers on proper storage procedure to minimize the
ascorbic acid loss during storage and finally, nutritional
labels must be printed on the container showing: best before
date, storage conditions and nutritional facts to ensures
adequate monitoring of the quality. |
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Title: |
Growth
performance of African giant land snail (Achatina
Achatina) fed varying dietary protein and energy levels |
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Author (s): |
Ani A.O,
Ogbu C.C, Elufidipe C. O and Ugwuowo L.C |
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Abstract: |
The rational for the study was
to investigate the combined effect of dietary protein (CP)
and energy levels on the performance of specie of Africal
giant snail: Achatina achatina. Two hundred and forty
(240) 8 weeks old Achatina achatina were used for the
study. The study involved 16 treatments of 15 snails each
and 3 replicates of 5 snails each per treatment in a 4 x 4
factorial arrangement: four levels (18%, 20%, 22%, and 24%)
of crude protein each combined with four (2.6, 2.8, 3.0 and
3.2 Mcal/kg ME) levels of energy. Results showed significant
(P < 0.05) treatment effects on final body weight (FBW),
body weight gain (BWG), feed intake (FI), protein efficiency
ratio (PER), feed conversion ratio (FCR), carcass weight (CW),
cost of feed per kg weight gain, shell length (SL) and shell
width (SW). Feed intake was significantly (P < 0.05)
decreased at the 3.0 Mcal/kg ME and 18 % CP and 3.2 Mcal/kg
ME and 18% CP levels. Feed conversion ratio and feed cost
per kg weight gain was most significantly (P < 0.05)
decreased at the 3.2 Mcal/kg ME and 24% CP level,
respectively while Shell length and width were enhanced (P <
0.05) at the 3.0 Mcal/kg ME and 24 % CP and 3.2Mcal/kg ME
and 24% CP levels, respectively. It was concluded that
3.2Mcal/kg ME + 24% CP and/or 3.0 Mcal/kg ME + 24% CP levels
were best for the growth of Achatina achatina in the
humid tropics. |
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