|
|
| ARPN Journal of Agricultural and Biological
Science February 2017 | Vol. 12 No. 2 |
|
Title: |
PCR based detection of
entomopathogenic fungus metarhizium anisopliae in host
organisms |
|
Author (s): |
Do Van
Hung, Katalin Posta and Turóczi György |
|
Abstract: |
PCR based detection and
identification of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium
anisopliae was conducted with specific primers F3
(5’-GGGTATATGAGAGGGAGGGC-3’) and B3 (5’-
GGTTCCTGGTCGGGACTT-3’) which amplify a fragment of gene in
the IGS (Intergenic spacer) region of rRNA (Ribosomal RNA)
of M. anisopliae. The PCR amplification of IGS sequences
yielded a unique fragment of 226-bp for all the four strains
of M. anisopliae (M4, M16, M34 and M43). The results proved
that the primers F3 and B3 were highly specific for M.
anisopliae. PCR based detection M. anisopliae within host
insects as Mealworm beetle (Tenebrio molitor) in the
laboratory and cockchafer (Melolontha spp) in the field by
using specific primers was applied. The PCR method could be
a simple, rapid method to detect M. anisopliae within host
insects just 8 days after infection. This study also showed
that M. anisopliae exists in the soils in
Felsoors-Köveskútpuszta region in Hungary. In fact, the
results proved that DNA extracted from infected insects in
laboratory and field could be used to identify the presence
of the entomopathogen fungus M. anisopliae by using specific
primers. Our study demonstrates an alternative approach for
typing M. anisopliae strains within infected insects and
reduces the need for time-consuming morphological and
physiological tests. |
| |
|
|
|
Title: |
Fusariumsp. associated
WITHVanillasp rot in nayarit, Mexico |
|
Author (s): |
Rodolfo
Casillas-Isiordia, Felipe Roberto Flores-de la Rosa, Álvaro
Can-Chulim, Gregorio Luna Esquivel, Raúl Rodríguez-Guerra,
Leobarda Guadalupe Ramírez-Guerrero and Mauricio Luna-Rodríguez |
|
Abstract: |
Vanilla production is
threatened by fungi which cause diseases such as Fusarium
oxysporum. This research aimed to identify Fusarium
associated with rot of wild Vanilla in Nayarit, México, by
morphological, molecular and pathogenic characteristics.
Morphological characterization was based on colony color,
development of microconidia, macroconidia and chlamydospores
on specific media, and growth rate. Molecular analysis was
by sequencing the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region of rDNA gene.
Pathogenicity test was conducted in healthy leaves and stems
of wild Vanilla. The colonies were classified on four groups
by pigmentation. Strains of fast, moderate and slow growth
were observed. Of the 40 isolates, morphological analysis
showed that 38 corresponded to Fusarium oxysporum and two to
Fusarium solani. The sequences of the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region
of 38 strains had a similarity of 98% to 100% with Fusarium
oxysporum, the remaining two strains with Fusarium sp.,
nineteen strains originated lesions on leaves from the
fourth day and up to 90 days in stems. It was found that F.
oxysporum is mostly the causal agent of rot of wild Vanilla
in Nayarit, Mexico. |
| |
|
|
Title: |
Effect of insecticides on
parasitism of egg parasitoids of the rice yellow stem borer |
|
Author (s): |
Baehaki.
S. E, Aryo Susetyo, Erwin Cuk Surahmat and Robert Senn |
|
Abstract: |
Effect of insecticides on
parasitism of eggs parasitoids of the rice yellow stem
borer. The research was carried out in the wet season of
2014 at Subang district of West Java, Indonesia. The
selected insecticides of chlorantranilprole + thiamethoxam,
pymetrozine, emamectin benzoate and deltamethrin were
sprayed on the rice plots at 20 and 35 days after
transplanted. Observation to parasitism of egg parasitoids
of yellow stem borer (YSB) by YSB eggs trap method at 1 and
3 days after each application. The result showed that
insecticides chlorantranilprole + thiamethoxam un-affected
to parasitism of Trichogramma japonicum and Telenomus sp.
(T. dingus + T. rowani), but little bit affected to
Tetrastichus schoenobii. Insecticides pymetrozine and
deltamethrin un-affected to parasitism of T. schoenobii, but
little bit affected to T. japonicum dan Telenomus sp.. In
the other hand insecticide emamectin benzoate un-affected to
all parasitism of T. schoenobii, T. japonicum and Telenomus
sp. In general the parasitism performance of all egg
parasitoids of YSB was 91.7% un-affected by
chlorantranilprole + thiamethoxam, and parasitism
un-affected was 83.3% by used pymetrozine and deltamethrin.
The safety insecticide as well as control treatment
un-affected to parasitism of all parasitoids was 100% by
Emamectin benzoate. In the YSB control tactics as strategy
in IPM programmes, the first safety insecticides
compatibility to all egg parasitoids were emamectin benzoate
and then chlorantranilprole + thiamethoxam. In the third
level were pymetrozine and deltamethrin with performance
higher effect to parasitism of YSB egg parasitoids, but is
still safety insecticides because compatibility to
parasitoid more than 70%. |
| |
|
|
|
Title: |
Efficacy of paraquat and
glyphosate applied in water solvents from different sources
to control weeds in oil palm plantation |
|
Author (s): |
Marulak Simarmata, Muhamad
Taufik and Zack Z. A. Peranginangin |
|
Abstract: |
The research was conducted to
identify weeds in oil palm plantation and to evaluate the
efficacy of paraquat and glyphosate applied in water carrier
from different sources including distilled, well, and river
water. Nine dominant weeds based on summed dominance ratio (SDR)
are Ottocloa nodosa, Cyclosorus aridus, Dryopteris affinis,
Panicum repens, Axonopus compressus, Paspalum conjugatum,
Borreria latifiola, and Stachytarpheta jamaicensis, and
Dryopteris filix-mas. Paraquat showed a very strong efficacy
at 2 weeks after applied which reached 92.0, 88.0, and 86.0
percent of efficacy, while glyphosate showed a very strong
efficacy at 8 weeks after applied which reached 92.7, 89.7,
and 87.3 percent of efficacy applied in distilled, well, and
river water solutions, respectively. The efficacy of
paraquat and glyphosate persisted up to 8 and 16 weeks,
respectively. Some weeds which were tolerant to paraquat
were Paspalum conjugatum (grass), Ottochloa nodosa (grass);
Panicum repens (grass), Cyclosorus aridus (fern), and
Borreria latifolia (broadleaf). Three different sources of
water carrier including distilled, well, and river water did
not influence neither paraquat nor glyphosate efficacy. |
|
|
|
|
Title: |
Qualitative, quantitative
and quality variation of naturalized pumpkin accessions in
mother and baby trials in Kenya |
|
Author (s): |
J. K. Kiramana, D. K. Isutsa
and A. B. Nyende |
|
Abstract: |
Pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata
(Lam.) Poir.) is unsystematically produced in many tropical
countries and development of standard cultivars using
naturalised and adapted genetic resources has not yet been
done. The present study evaluated naturalized pumpkin
accessions yield in Kakamega, Embu and Nyeri in 2012 and
2013 and quality in Chuka in 2015 to identify superior ones
that could be developed into commercial cultivars. The
accessions were planted on-station in Kakamega and Embu for
mother trials, on farmers’ farms in Kakamega and Nyeri for
baby trials, and on-station in Chuka for TSS assessment.
Mother and baby trials and quality assessment plants were
spaced at 2mx2m in a completely randomised design.
Qualitative and quantitative data were subjected to
Chi-square analysis and ANOVA, respectively. Significant
differences were separated using LSD test at P=0.05. The
qualitative and quantitative traits measured were
significant (P<0.05) and higher in local accessions compared
to the control exotic ‘Sugar Baby’. The number of fruits per
accession ranged from 1 to 9 in mother trials and 1 to 16 in
baby trials. Accessions KK-40 and NY-154 produced highest 9
and 16 fruits, respectively, while NY-135, KK-21 and KK-22
produced 1 fruit each. Average fruit weight per plant was
4.2 kg for NY-130 and 0.2 kg for NY-77 in mother trials.
Total fruit weight ranged from 0.2 to 15.9 kg in mother
trials and 0.25 to 26.5 kg in baby trials. The highest 26.5
kg total fruit weight was for KK-30 in baby trials, and
lowest 0.2 kg was for NY-77 in mother trials. Fruit firmness
ranged from 3 to 10.2 kg/cm2, while TSS ranged from 2.9 to
14% brix. Highest fruit firmness was 10.2 kg/cm2 for KK-9,
while flesh firmness was 3 kg/cm2 for KK-46. Highest 14%
brix was for KK-12 and KK-30, while lowest 2.9% brix was for
KK-56. The significant and superior variation of naturalized
pumpkin accessions in yield and quality, compared to the
exotic ‘Sugar Baby’, presents material for selection and
development into commercial, high value pumpkin production
cultivars. The accessions perform better regardless of
whether they are grown on-station or on-farm, meaning that
what matters most is optimization of crop management
practices. In this regard, KK-30 is recommended for
selection and development into a standard cultivar, based on
its highest yields and TSS. |
|
|
|
|
|
Title: |
P and Fe uptake of rice
with high soil Fe amended by compost and dolomite with
different water management |
|
Author (s): |
Ita Mowidu, Bambang H.
Sunarminto, Benito H. Purwanto and S. Nuryani H.Utami |
|
Abstract: |
Rice production in Poso
district on the average is only 4.24 t ha-1, much lower than
the national production (5.15 t ha-1) caused by a high iron
(Fe) content (11.6-22.6 g kg-1) and low soil fertility.
Lands with poor drainage will accumulate organic matter,
causing very reductive conditions, i.e highly reduced iron
occurs and is toxic for rice crops. The application of
compost and dolomite with intermittent irrigation is
expected to reduce the negative effects of the excessive
amount of Fe and increase the P uptake and yield of rice.
The experiment that used 5 t ha-1 compost(rice straw and
cocoa husks) and dolomite with different water management
has been conducted consisting of control(A0), agrochemical
fertilizer application and intermittent irrigation (A1), 25%
straw compost +75% cocoa husks with saturated water
irrigation (A2), 100% straw compost with intermittent
irrigation ( A3), A2 + 60 kg P2O5 ha-1 (A4), A3 + 60 kg P2O5
ha-1 (A5), and dolomite with intermittent irrigation (A6),
repeatedthree times and set based on randomized complete
block design (RCBD).The results showed that the treatments
have no significant effects on available P, organic Fe and
available Fe, but they have significant effects on P and the
Fe uptake, the weight of 1000 grains and yield of paddy
field. The effects of composting significantly increase both
levels and P uptake of plant, decrease Felevels of plants
and increase the P uptake of plants, the weight of 1000
grains and grain yield. The application of 100% straw
compost (5 t ha-1) with intermittent irrigation produces the
highest grain yield (6.44 t ha-1) which is significantly
different from those without composting. |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
