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| ARPN Journal of Agricultural and Biological
Science
December 2012 | Vol. 7 No.
12 |
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Title: |
Hydro-module determination for vanaei
village in Eslam Abad Gharb, Iran |
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Author (s): |
Mohammad
Valipour |
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Abstract: |
In order to design a network
of irrigation channels, it is necessary to determine
cropping pattern and Hydro-Module of area. Then according to
the water requirement (Hydro-Module), flow through each
irrigation channels is calculated. In addition, in many
villages, due to the poor knowledge about requirement water
to agricultural uses, irrigation efficiency is low or crops
are exposed to water stress. Thus, Hydro-Module
determination gives many advantages to experts and farmers.
In this study, after being informed from cropping pattern of
Vanaei Village located at Eslam Abad Gharb in Iran (query
from local farmers and using NETWAT software), by using
CROPWAT software, Hydro-Module determined for this village.
Finally, results compared with AGWAT software. The amounts
of calculated Hydro-Module using CROPWAT software and AGWAT
software were 0.78 and 0.73 liter per second in each
hectare, respectively. Among the cultivated crops in the
villages, sugar beet has the greatest net irrigation
requirement. Therefore, according to the water resources
limitation, it should be considered further. Because there
is sugar factory in the Eslam Abad Gharb City, there is no
possibility of sugar beet production reduction or changing
of cropping pattern. Therefore, it is essential to use the
correct administrative procedures in this village for avoid
from water loss and increasing of crop yield. |
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Title: |
The effect of different priming
treatments and germination temperatures on germination
performance of lentil (lens culinaris medik) seeds |
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Author (s): |
Derya Ozveren Yucel |
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Abstract: |
In order to
develop suitable techniques to
improve lentil seed germination capacity, a research
was conducted with cultivar Local Red lentil cultivar. Seeds
were fully soaked in KH2PO4 (%1.0),
KNO3 (%1.0) solutions for osmo-priming, and
distilled water for hydro-priming treatments, for 12 and 24
hours at a 24 oC and untreated seeds as control.
After the priming treatments, seeds were germinated at six
different (5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 ± 0.5 oC)
constant temperatures. In terms of both germination
percentage and MGT, the highest results were obtained from
priming treatment of water at germination temperature of 20
oC in priming times of 12 h and 24 h. The best
germination synchrony value was obtained from water
treatment for 12 h at 15 oC.
Consequently, seeds treated with water for 12 h produced the
highest germination percentage and the least mean
germination time and synchrony, in this way this treatment
may be recommended for germination of lentil under different
germination temperatures. |
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Title: |
Morphological of genetic relationships
among black rice landraces from yogyakarta and surrounding
areas |
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Author (s): |
Kristamtini,
Taryono, Panjisakti Basunanda, Rudi
Hari Murti, Supriyanta,
Setyorini Widyayanti and Sutarno |
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Abstract: |
Black rice was getting more
popular recently and was consumed as functional food because
of the anthocyanin, vitamin and mineral contents. The
information on the potential of black rice was, however,
very limited, and there was a need to characterize the black
rice morphologically to obtain the plant description. The description was very important to know the strengths as well as the
weaknesses of an organism, and to understand the potentials,
which in turn might be useful to determine whether the
organism can be used as the hybridization parental. The morphological
characteristics was undoubtedly influenced by environment,
however, it should be noted that the morphological
characteristics has been proven to be useful in creating
some hybrid cultivars since 1950. By this characterization
the genetic relationships among cultivars or genotypes might
be obtained. The current
study was aimed to know the genetic relationships among 11
black rice landraces and 2 white rice based on their
morphological characteristics. Results showed that the
average taxonomic distance was 1, 2 in 5 groups, with
group I consisting of black rice from Sragen (T) and black
rice from Bantul (O); group II consisting of black rice from
Banjarnegara (Y), black rice from Wonosobo (W), hairless
black rice from Magelang (S) and hairy black rice from
Magelang (R); group III consisting of Pari Ireng (D), black
rice from NTT (E), Cempo Ireng (C) and Jlitheng (B); group
IV consisting of white rice Inpari 6 (I) and Situbagendit
(G); and group V consisting of one black rice cultivar Melik
(A). The greater the taxonomic distance value the farther
the genetic relationships between two cultivars/genotypes
and the better the cultivars used as the breeding material. |
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Title: |
Effects of chemical stimulants on the
yield and seed quality of castor (ricinus communis L) |
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Author (s): |
Msaakpa
T. S. and Obasi M. O. |
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Abstract: |
A study was undertaken at the
Teaching and Research Farm, University of Agriculture,
Makurdi in 2007 and 2008 to determine the effects of
chemical stimulants on the yield and seed quality of castor.
Six chemical stimulants viz: 2, 4-D @ 200mg/L, coconut milk
@ 15%, potassium nitrate @ 15%, Aluminum tetrafloride @
200mg/L, Fusicoccin @ 200mg/L, Ethrel @ 200mf/L; and four
castor accessions: LAF-4, LAF-11, AKW-5 and AKW-7 were the
treatments used. Data were collected on number of seeds per
plant, number of panicles per plant, number of capsules per
panicle, number of capsules per plant, dry weight of
harvestable materials, total dry weight of plant, harvest
index, oil yield and seed yield. In addition, total
percentage viability, seed oil content, seed crude protein,
100 seed weight and content of germination inhibitors were
also taken. Result revealed that AKW-5 castor accession
significantly produced higher seed yield of 983.1kg/ha than
LAF-4, LAF-11 and AKW-7 that produced seed yield of
879.3kg/ha, 762.6kg/ha and 549.4kg/ha respectively. Also,
AKW-5 produced number of capsules per panicle, total dry
weight of plant, 100 seed weight and oil yield which were
significantly higher than that of LAF-11 and AKW-7.
Furthermore, LAF-4 accession significantly produced higher
number of seeds per plant, number of panicles per plant,
number of capsules per plant than that of other accessions.
Interaction between AKW-5 and 15% of coconut milk produced
significantly higher yield than other accession and chemical
stimulant interactions. Seeds of AKW-5 were significantly
higher in either extract, while LAF-4 accession produced
significantly higher crude fibre. AKW-5 accession showed
greater potential for castor seed production than LAF-4,
LAF-11, and AKW-7 and should be adopted by farmers under
Makurdi conditions. |
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Title: |
Carbon content in branches of tsuga
heterophylla (raf) Sarg |
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Author (s): |
Maria
Carolina O. Silva, Rodney A. Savidge
and Sabah H. Lamlom |
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Abstract: |
The goal of this study was to
determine carbon (C) content in branch wood of western
hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.). Branch
samples from 26 trees were obtained during summer 2005 from
mature trees growing in northern Vancouver Island near
Holberg, British Columbia, Canada. Two branches were taken
per tree, one from the live-crown base and another from near
the top of the live crown. By elemental analysis, mean C
content of wood in tree-top branches was ~57.4% ± 0.8% and
ranged from 55.7% to 58.8%. Mean C content for branch wood
near the crown base was 57.6% ± 0.7% and ranged from 55.6%
to 58.8%. Branch compression wood (Cw) yielded >58% C,
approximately 2% more than was found in opposite wood (Ow).
These are the highest C contents yet reported in wood of any
tree species, and the findings point to the inadequacy of
using 50 % C in forest carbon modelling budgets. |
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Title: |
Exploring
the model of nanotechnology development in agriculture
sector of Iran |
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Author (s): |
Mohammad
Reza Soleimanpour, Seyed Jamal F. Hosseini and Seyed Mahdi
Mirdamadi |
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Abstract: |
The main
goal of this study is to identify factors affecting
development of nanotechnology and explore the model of
nanotechnology development in agriculture sector. A
descriptive type of research was conducted for this study.
The total population was all agricultural researchers in
Iran. Proportionate stratified random sampling method was
used to select 210 researchers. A questionnaire was
developed by the researcher and used to collect data.
Respondents were asked to indicate their responses on a
five-point likert type scale. The statements were validated
and the reliability estimate calculated and found to be 0.84
averagely. Descriptive statistics were used to describe data
and CFA was used to test the fit of the proposed model,
using the LISREL software. Research findings showed that
professional skills and organizational culture had a
significantly positive effect on psychological empowerment
of faculty members, but organizational factors had hardly
any effect on psychological empowerment of faculty members. |
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Title: |
Sensitivity of helicoverpa armigera (hübner) (lepidoptera:
noctuidea) to the entomopathogenic fungi, metarhizium
anisopliae and beauveriabassiana in laboratory |
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Author (s): |
O. K.
Douro Kpindou, D. A. Djegui, I. A.
Glitho and M. Tamò |
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Abstract: |
The present work aims to assess the pathogenicity of the
conidia of six isolates of
Metarhizium
anisopliae
and two isolates of
Beauveria
bassiana
on
Helicoverpa armigera
in order to select the most promising ones for developing a
microbiological product to be used in cotton fields.
Methodology and results:
The pathogenicity of six isolates of the entomopathogenic
fungi, M. anisopliae (Met 28, Met 32, Met 92, Met 31,
Met 34 and Met 341) and two isolates of B. bassiana
(Bb11 and Bb 12) was evaluated in the laboratory by applying
topically 1 µl of an oil-based formulation of conidia at a
concentration of 108 conidia/ml on the third,
fourth, fifth and the sixth instars of H. armigera.
Taken separately, each isolate caused less mortality among
the larvae of the sixth stage than in younger stages.
Corrected mortality rates varied from 3.6 ± 1.8 % (Met 28,
sixth instar) to 56.3 ± 0.8% (Met 31, third instar) for
M. anisopliae and from 3.6 ± 1.8 % (Bb 12, sixth instar)
to 34.4 ± 4.2% (Bb 11, third instar) for B. bassiana.
Certain isolates of Metarhizium
were infective to pupa.
Host development stage at inoculation affected both
survival times compared to control.
Conclusions and application of findings: The results of the
here presented study showed that the isolates of
Metarhizium (Met 31) and Beauveria (Bb 11, known
as Bba 5653), the last being tested successfully against
Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), are
virulent isolates and can be promising isolates for the
control of the cotton bollworm H. armigera. |
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Title: |
Anaerobic
co-digestion of biological pre-treated nile perch fish solid
waste with vegetable fraction of market solid waste |
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Author (s): |
Kassuwi S.A.A., Mshandete A.M and Kivaisi A.K. |
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Abstract: |
Anaerobic
co-digestion of various organic wastes has been shown to
improve biogas yield of fish wastes. This paper presents the
effect of pre-treating Nile perch fish solid waste (FSW)
using CBR-11 bacterial culture (CBR-11-FSW) and commercial
lipase enzyme (Lipo-FSW), followed by batch anaerobic
co-digestion with vegetable fractions of market solid waste
(VFMSW) in various proportions, using potato waste (PW) and
cabbage waste (CW) as co-substrates either singly or
combined. Results indicated that CBR-11 pre-treated FSW
co-digested with PW or CW in 1:1 ratio (substrate: inoculum)
had positive effect on methane yield, while Lipo pre-treated
FSW had negative effect on methane yield. Using
CBR-11-FSW:PW the highest yield was 1.58 times more than the
untreated FSW. Whereas, using Lipo-FSW:CW the highest yield
was 1.65 times lower than un-treated FSW. Furthermore, the
optimal mixture of CBR-11 pre-treated FSW and PW and CW
co-substrates resulted into higher methane yield of 1, 322
CH4 ml/gVS using CBR-11-FSW (10):PW (45):CW (45) ratio. The
ratio enhanced methane yield to 135% compared to control. In
conclusion, results demonstrates that optimal mixture of
CBR-11 pre-treated FSW with both PW and CW as co-substrates
enhanced methane yield and provide base line data for
potential application in continuous anaerobic bioreactors
investigation. |
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Title: |
The effects of deltamethrin applied at
sublethal concentrations on the adults of anagrus
nilaparvatae (hymenoptera: mymaridae) |
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Author (s): |
Araz Meilin,
Y. Andi Trisyono, Edhi Martono and Damayanti Buchori |
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Abstract: |
Anagrus nilaparvatae
is one of major parasitoids for Nilaparvata lugens
eggs. Deltamethrin is a pyrethroid insecticide that is still
used by rice farmers. This research aimed to investigate the
effects of deltamethrin on the longevity, development time,
emergence rate of progeny, actual and potential fecundicity
of A. nilaparvatae. The insecticide was applied to
the parasitoid adults at sublethal concentrations using the
contact method in a test tube. The tested concentration was 0, 023 ppm (LC10)
and 2, 235 ppm (LC40); and the control was
treated with acetone. Each parasitoid surviving from
deltamethrin treatment was exposed into
N. lugens
eggs in the rice seedlings for 24 hours. The seedling was
then removed and substituted with new seedling until the
parasitoid died. Each treatment was repeated 10 times. The
application of deltametrin at sublethal concentrations
decreased the longevity of adults, increased the development
time of progeny, a decreased the actual and potential
fecundicity, but no effect on the emergence rate. These
findings suggest that the application of deltametrin to rice
plants could reduce the potenty of A. nilaparvatae as
a biological control agent of N. lugens. |
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Title: |
Comparative analysis of technical
efficiency of beneficiary and non-beneficiary food crop
farmers of bank of agriculture in Ogun state, Nigeria |
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Author (s): |
Ambali
O. I, Adegbite D. A, Ayinde I. A.
and Oyeyinka R.A. |
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Abstract: |
This study compared the
technical efficiency of beneficiary and non-beneficiary food
crop farmers of Bank of Agriculture in Ogun State. Samples
of 240 food crop farmers collected in a multistage sampling
process were used for the study. The data collected were
analyzed using descriptive statistics, probit regression
analysis and stochastic frontier analysis. The findings
revealed that loan beneficiary food crop farmers had more
experienced than the non-beneficiaries. The probit
regression result revealed that age, years of formal
education and farming experience increase the likelihood of
loan acquisition among food crop farmers but the likelihood
decreases as the farmers grow older. The stochastic frontier
production function revealed that farm output increases with
farm size, and planting material but decreases with farm
labour and fertilizer. Labour and fertilizer are
over-utilized among the food crop farmers. Education,
extension service and loan increase the technical efficiency
of the farmers. The mean technical efficiency of 86 percent
and 79 percent showed that there is potential to increase
output by 14 percent and 21 percent by the loan
beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries, respectively. Lastly,
the loan beneficiary food crop farmers are technically
efficient than their non-beneficiaries’ counterparts. Policy
option requires the food crop farmers to expand their farm
size to ensure efficient utilization of resources. Finally,
formal education and adult literacy education should be
encouraged among food crop farmers as education increases
the likelihood of loan acquisition and to afford the farmers
the benefit of agricultural loan. |
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Title: |
Bacterial load evaluation of wastewater
treated by natural lagoon: case of the beni-messous lagoon |
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Author (s): |
Driche
Mohamed, Abdessemed Djamal and Nezzal Ghania |
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Abstract: |
The
wastewater reuse
is
becoming increasingly
important
worldwide,
especially
in irrigation,
it
depends on
the elimination of
pathogens.
for
this, we choose
the process of natural lagoon which consists in purifying
the waste water by simple flow of the effluent
in not very deep ponds where proliferate bacteria, algae and
other living organisms, under a
surrounding air and in the presence of a solar radiation.
This study is based
on the estimated removal efficiency of the bacterial load in
the natural lagoon of Beni Messous. According to the
results obtained, the average number of germs per 100 ml of
wastewater after treatment by stabilization pond was 6,
48.105 for
faecal coli forms (FC) and 3, 5.106 for
total
coliforms (TC), 4.105 for Escherichia coli and to
7.105 for
faecal streptococci (FS), 103 for
Salmonellas and 33 for
Sulfite-reducing bacteria.
Decontamination is
considered completed
when the concentration
of germs in the
water is
below
the recommended limit, after
comparing, purified water has satisfactory bacteriological
characteristics for reuse the effluent in irrigation. |
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Title: |
Occupational hazards among cocoa
farmers in the birim south district in the eastern region of
Ghana |
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Author (s): |
Martin
Bosompem and Emmanuel Mensah |
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Abstract: |
Cocoa (Theobroma cocoa) is one of the major
agricultural commodities in Ghana. However, its production
in Ghana and Africa is faced with numerous occupational
hazards and injuries. A survey of 160 cocoa farmers in the
Birim South District in the Eastern Region of Ghana was
carried out to identify the predominant occupational hazards
and injuries faced by the farmers during pre-planting,
planting, post-planting and post-harvest operations.
Injuries from stumps/thorns and cutlass were the most
prevalent among farmers during land clearing and planting.
Insect bite (red ants bite), cutlass injury, headache and
severe fever were also the major problems encountered during
farm maintenance. Back/waist pains, bee/warp sting, and
headache were common problems during harvesting of pods and
post harvest operations. Cutlass injury, stumps/thorns
injury and back/waist pain were also found to be more
debilitating accounting for an average day lost of 18, 12
and 12 from work in a cropping season respectively. Majority
of respondent resorted to treatment from the hospital on
injuries/hazards from cutlass, snake bite, burns and
harvesting tools. However, majority resorted to self
medication on injuries from stump and thorns, bees/wasp
sting and fallen objects on the eye. Also nearly two-thirds
of the respondents did not use protective equipment during
application of agrochemicals and this resulted to difficulty
in breathing, skin rashes and headaches. Cutlass injury
recorded a greater number of days lost (18) per season among
the respondents and took the highest treatment and days lost
cost ($ 85.4). It was recommended that Agricultural
Extension Agents in consultation with Ministry of Health and
other health NGOs should collaborate to educate cocoa
farmers on precautionary measures and first aid operations
at the farm level. |
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Title: |
Rural household consumption of milk and
products in Nigeria |
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Author (s): |
Omobowale Oni and Ayodele E. Fashogbon |
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Abstract: |
Good nutrition is increasingly perceived as an investment in
human capital that yields returns today as well as in the
future. Carbohydrates constitute the majority of prepared
food items consumed in most rural households in Nigeria,
however milk and milk products provide essential nutrients
for normal growth and for the maintenance of good health,
and would help make up for the nutrients that many citizens
miss through their diets that are composed largely of
carbohydrates. This study therefore examines milk
consumption pattern and its determinants among rural
households in Nigeria.
A well-structured questionnaire was used to obtain
information on socioeconomic characteristics, consumption
expenditure and other relevant variables using multistage
random sampling technique.
Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and
two-stage heckman model to account for selection bias. The
result shows that age of household head, household size,
household head income and household expenditure on animal
protein commonly and significantly influence consumption
decision and consumption expenditure level of milk and milk
products. More so, ownership of house, Credit accessibility
and Spouse occupation-trading significantly and uniquely
influence consumption decision; while years of formal
education of household head, expenditure on non-food items
and Household head occupation-farming significantly
determine consumption expenditure level of milk and milk
products of the respondents. The study suggested
nutrition-health education and birth control among the rural
households; and development of dairy sub-sector. |
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Title: |
Child labour among rural households in
dass local government, Bauchi state, Nigeria |
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Author (s): |
Amao I.O
and Oni O. A. |
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Abstract: |
The incidence of child labour
is widespread and a growing phenomenon in developing
countries, including Nigeria. The study examined the
incidence, extent and factors affecting child labour among
rural households in Dass Local Government Area of Bauchi
State. Primary data was collected using structured
questionnaires and analyzed using both descriptive
statistics and multinomial logit regression. Household’s
access to credit should be used to purchase labour-saving
technologies to ensure a reduction in the use of children
for work on the farm and other productive activities. Also,
school-aged children should not be denied access to
full-time schooling because of their younger ones. |
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Title: |
Diazotrophic bacteria as biological
control agent for lasiodiplodia theobromae isolated
from kenaf seeds |
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Author (s): |
Norhayati
Madiha, Erneeza Mohd Hata,
Kamaruzaman Sijam and Radziah Othman |
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Abstract: |
Lasiodoplodia
theobromae may cause deterioration and loss of germination in seeds.
This study has identified L. theobromae as a causal agent of black seed rot and
causes germination loss up to 95% in infected kenaf seeds.
Preliminary screening was done to evaluate the antagonistic
effects of selected diazotrophic bacteria on L.
theobromae by dual culture assay (in vitro). This study
was conducted to control the seed-borne pathogen, L.
theobromae with antagonistic bacteria as biological
control agent. There were 3 species of diazotrophic bacteria
in biological seed treatment namely Burkholderia cepacia,
Burkholderia vietnamiensis and Bacillus subtilis.
In vivo experiment was done to evaluate the efficacy of
selected antagonistic bacteria against L. theobromae.
The results showed that B. cepacia has a significant
potential as biological control agent to suppress the growth
of seed-borne pathogen, L. theobromae by indicating
on the increased seed germination. |
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