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ARPN Journal of Engineering and
Applied Sciences January 2020 | Vol. 15 No. 1 |
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Title: |
Synthesis of fatty ethanolamides from lauric and palmitic acid:
Optimization using Response Surface Methodology |
Author (s): |
Zuhrina Masyithah, Muhammad Ashari, Nur Annisa and Muhammad Syukri |
Abstract: |
Response Surface Methodology is used for the prediction and optimization
of the conversion of lauric and palmitic acid in the synthesis of fatty
ethanolamide from monoethanolamine using zirconium (IV) chloride as a
metal catalyst and n-hexane with isopropanol as a mixed solvent. By
performing some experimental design by Central Composite Design, a
suitable range of independent parameter of substrate molar ratio,
catalyst concentration, and the solvent ratio was determined using a
contour plot approach. Results show that the substrate molar ratio and
catalyst concentration are the significant parameters on the lauric acid
conversion, and the solvent ratio is the significant parameter on the
palmitic acid conversion. The conversion is decrease by reducing
catalyst concentration, and by increasing the substrate molar ratio
amine to acid up to 10/1, the conversion increase but afterward
gradually decreases. |
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Title: |
Design of unpaved roads with DACE® software |
Author (s): |
Julián Andrés Pulecio Diaz, Oscar Camilo Valderrama Riveros and Myriam
Rocío Pallares Muñoz |
Abstract: |
In this article, we introduce DACE® software as an alternative of
computational calculation for the design of unpaved roads, using the
semi-empirical methods of Giroud, Han and Pokharel, which were published
in 2004 and 2015. As a conclusion, the use of the Hypertext Preprocessor
(Php) programming language, applied in order to develop DACE®, allows it
to be cross-platform software since it is a web application, therefore,
it works in all operating systems. Furthermore, the results obtained
using DACE®, were satisfactorily validated with the exercise proposed by
Han and Pokharel in 2015, therefore, it allows to determine the
thicknesses of unreinforced unpaved roads (without geosynthetic), with
geotextile (woven geotextile), biaxial geogrid and geocell. Lastly,
DACE® is a software that will help estimate the thickness of an
unreinforced unpaved road (without geosynthetic), with geotextile (woven
geotextile), biaxial geogrid and geocell, whenever the subgrades have a
California Bearing Ratio of the sub-grade soil (CBRs) value equal to or
less than 3% and a reliability value of 50%. In addition, itis possible
to apply similar thicknesses in-situ of the specimens of the CBR and
modified proctor tests. |
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Title: |
Comparison of rainfall analysis of JAXA satellite rainfall data on
stations data in Jambi |
Author (s): |
Nova Susanti, Wandi, Nurhidayah, Arif Ma’rufi, Dewi Iriani and Ahmad
Fudholi |
Abstract: |
The availability of good rainfall data is a major factor in analyzing
various phenomena related to rain. The rainfall data generated from the
station is very accurate and reliable. However, it has various
disadvantages such as incomplete data due to human error or measuring
instruments, limitations in spatial resolution and availability in
temporal scale. For this reason, there needs to be supporting rainfall
data that can represent station data, especially in the Jambi area where
good rainfall data is needed for various purposes. In this study
validation of TRMM 3B42RT NASA and GSMAP JAXA satellite data on station
observation data in Jambi. The method used is to compare the two
satellite data with map making, graphs, and search for correlation
values and RMSE to station data. After that, the best satellite data was
selected to be compared with the data from 8 stations in Jambi to find
out the distribution of data, graphics and the correlation and error
values. From the study conducted, it was found that the rainfall value
of the GSMAP JAXA satellite was closer to the station with a correlation
value of 0.59 and an error of 98.75 mm/month. As for the comparison of
GSMAP JAXA and data for 8 stations in the city of Jambi has a
correlation range of 0.14-0.76 with an error value of 82.2- 172.27
mm/month. |
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Title: |
Designing and wear testing of Excavator bucket teeth for the need of
Indonesian mining |
Author (s): |
R. Ismail, Z. Muhammad, J. Jamari and A. P. Bayuseno |
Abstract: |
The Excavator bucket tooth can be damaged due to abrasive wear and
impact load during it is operated in the field. This paper deals with
review of wear analysis of excavators bucket tooth. Excavators examined
in present study was made up of alloy steel from two branded products
(ND and X). The purpose of the present work was to make the quality
analysis of the bucket teeth. Results of field test for two bucket teeth
product provided the actual wear volume of 31.25 cm3 /day and 36.88 cm3
/day for ND and X tooth tested respectively. Similar to Ogoshi wear
test, the X bucket teeth have a value of wear volume loss higher than
that of ND bucket teeth. In this test, the specific abrasion value (K1)
can be used for indicating the abrasive material hardness. The
comparison of the value of specific abrasion (K1) bucket teeth on the
application in the field and the Ogoshi wear test is 67 %. This
indicated that the X bucket teeth can even compete with ND bucket teeth
products on the marketplace. |
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Title: |
Vortex formation in unsteady flow over NACA 4412 and NACA 4424 airfoils |
Author (s): |
Muhammad Irfan Hadi, Mohd. Nazri and Aslam Abdullah |
Abstract: |
Over the years, the effects of vortex formation on the aerodynamic
performance of airfoils have served as motivation for many research
studies. This study takes into account NACA 4412 and NACA 4424 which are
cambered airfoils. The simulations performed involve low Reynolds number
air flow over the airfoils at several angles of attack. Main attention
is given on the separation bubble and vortex shedding phenomena, and the
effects of vortex formation on airfoils’ aerodynamic performance as
represented by lift and drag coefficients. Apparently, the
vortex-influenced velocity curl shows alternating vortex formation along
the airfoils’ surfaces and at down streams. Also, the angles of attack
influence such formation by developing specific separation bubbles with
contrasting fixed points, in particular those along the airfoils’
surfaces. |
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Title: |
Trade off curve of an emission economic load dispatch using
NSGA-II and PVDE |
Author (s): |
K. Rajesh and N. Visali |
Abstract: |
In this paper the hybrid method, Non-dominated Sorted Genetic Algorithm (NSGA-II)
and Population Variant Differential Evolution (PVDE) have been placed in
effect in achieving the best optimal solution of Multi objective economic
emission load dispatch optimization problem. In this technique latter
one is used to enforce the assigned percent of the population and the
remaining with the former one. Performance and convergence
characteristics are achieved with this novel technique and Diversity
preserving mechanism is achieved with concept of elitism and from the
tradeoff curve the best optimal solution is predicted using fuzzy set
theory. This methodology is validated on IEEE 30 bus system with six
generators, IEEE 118 bus system with fourteen generators with and
without Valve point loading effect and with a standard forty generator
test system. The solutions are dissimilitude with the existing meta
heuristic methods like Strength Pareto Evolutionary Algorithm-II,
Multi objective differential evolution, Multi objective Particle Swarm
optimization, Fuzzy clustering particle swarm optimization, Non-dominated
sorting genetic algorithm-II. |
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Title: |
Transport of electrolyte solutions along a plane by
diffusion-osmosis |
Author (s): |
Hisham A. Maddah |
Abstract: |
Diffusion-osmosis is an important electro kinetic flow mechanism in
microchannels and nanochannels. In an electrolyte system, diffusion-osmosis
transport results from the electrostatic interaction between a
tangential concentration gradient of the electrolyte and a charged wall.
The diffusion-osmotic flow of an electrolyte solution along a plane (in
porous media) which is induced by the presence of a charged surface
induced by the imposed electrolyte concentration gradient has been
reviewed and investigated theoretically. It was assumed that there will
be a constant concentration gradient imposed along the axial direction
at the steady state. Electrostatic and induced potential distribution
and velocity distribution of an electrolyte solution near a charged
plate wall were determined from using Poisson, linearized
Poisson-Boltzmann and modified Navier-Stokes equations, respectively. It
was found that the normalized induced electric field approaches unity as
we go far away from the EDL and normalized velocity increases with an
increase in the electro-kinetic distance and approaches a constant. The
effect of the induced electric field in the EDL was found to be of a
dominant significance on the diffusion-osmotic flow. |
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Title: |
Water pump and water filter using solar-hybrid energy with mobile
vehicle |
Author (s): |
Andrew Joewono, Rasional Sitepu and Peter R. Angka |
Abstract: |
Sunlight in Indonesia is available quite a lot huh this is an
opportunity that can be developed to produce electricity. The hybrid
solar power system used is a combination of the use of electricity from
the generator and a source of electricity from the conversion of solar
energy. Water is also a basic need in life. Indonesia 2 climates namely,
the dry season and the rainy season. During the rainy season, water is
abundant, but in the dry season many areas experience drought, thus
requiring water supply from the ground so that water pumps are needed to
suck up the water, to be used for daily needs. The system is designed to
function with a hybrid system, electrical energy from the generator and
solar energy, which can automatically regulate the charging of energy to
the battery and supply the load, with an effective working time of
approximately 2 hours, the power used ranges from 536 to 537 watt hours,
from the supply 12v 100Ah battery energy, installed in series, and has
an automatic limit voltage value of 22 volts from the battery voltage.
The electric energy generated is used to drive a water pump that is
passed by a sediment filter, which consists of silica sand, iron
removal, activated carbon and an ultra filter 1200 liters / hour to
filter out impurities at the last level, so that water results are in
accordance with the feasibility standard. |
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Title: |
Search for the optimal ratio of the initial substances of a chemical
reaction based on evolutionary calculations |
Author (s): |
Svetlana Mustafina, Andrey Antipin, Evgenia Antipina, Elena Odinokova,
Larisa Tuchkina and Sofia Mustafina |
Abstract: |
The article is devoted to the problem of developing methods for
mathematical modeling in the sphere of optimal planning in a chemical
experiment. In the article, the problem of finding the optimal ratio for
initial concentrations of substances is formulated in general terms and
an algorithm for solving this problem is constructed basing on the
method of artificial immune systems. The developed algorithm for finding
the optimal initial concentrations of substances allows solving the
problem of experiment planning in chemistry at the computational
experiment stage. In this case, the solution of the optimization problem
found with its help does not depend on the choice of the initial
approximation. The algorithm was tested for industrially meaningful
process of benzilidenbenzilamin synthesis for which the optimum values
of the initial concentrations were calculated in order to obtain maximum
yield of the reaction product. |
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Title: |
Design and evaluation of a multiple amplitude shift keyed bit to
audio tone line encoder and decoder for ASCII character communications |
Author (s): |
Aaron Don M. Africa, Antonio Miguel Sarmiento Alejo, Grant Lewis Milan
Bulaong, Samantha Maxine Ronquillo Santos and Jerrick Spencer Kehyeng Uy |
Abstract: |
This paper focused on the integration of line coding and nonlinear mixing
in digital communication systems. The researcher’s implementation of a
bit-to-audio-tone encoder with a respective decoder. The encoder
received a message from the user. The message that was inputted could be
a symbol, and after it was fed into the system, it then produced audio.
If the receiving end has the decoder, the audio when then be translated
back to the original message. This study has benefits in the field of
security systems because data can be accessed or hacked by those that
have the skillset to do so. This digital communication system could be
used to send information to a certain person, and since only that person
has the digital decoder, only he/she can access the data. To others, the
system would only produce an audio tune that would be unrecognizable by
those receive it if they do not have the decoder. This research aimed to
create a safer way to send and receive sensitive information without
unwanted third parties to decipher it. |
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Title: |
The potentiometric sensor for express determination of polyhexamethylene
guanidine salts |
Author (s): |
Mironyak M. O., Volnyanska O. V., Manzuk M. V., Labyak O. V., Nikolenko M. V.,
Kovalenko V. L., Kotok V. A. and Verbitsky V. V. |
Abstract: |
A potentiometric sensor for the quantitative determination of
polyhexamethylene guanidine salts was developed. The ionic associate of
the degradation product of polyhexamethylene guanidine -
hexamethylenediamine salts with heterogeneous acids with the Keggin
structure was used as an electrode-active substance for the plasticized
polyvinyl chloride membrane of the sensor. The anions of
12-molybdophosphate and 12-tungstenphosphate heteropolyacids were used
as counterions for ionic associates. The influence of a qualitative and
quantitative composition of the membrane, a type of degradation of
polyhexamethylene guanidine salts, a nature of the membrane
solvent-plasticizer, pH of the test solution, a presence of interfering
ions in the solution on the electrode characteristics of the membrane of
the developed sensor (tilt angle, minimum detectable concentration) were
investigated. The optimum conditions for the quantitative determination
of polyhexamethylene guanidine salts through the product of their
degradation (hexamethylenediamine) by the potentiometric method with the
developed sensor were established. |
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Title: |
Research and produce fertilizer from NPK
fertilizer and biochar for agricultural production |
Author (s): |
X. A. Le, A. H. Pham, Q. V. Nguyen, T. H.
Tran, T. T. T. Nguyen and B. T. Nguyen |
Abstract: |
Biochar contains long-term and high carbon content when applied to the
soil. When applying biochar to increase the ability to absorb and retain
water, keep nutrition in the soil, improve the nutritional content
available. Fertilizer is an important factor to increase crop
productivity and soil fertility stability. However, to minimize the harm
caused by excessive fertilizer use, and improve soil, this study uses
NPK chemical fertilizers in combination with biochar to produce
fertilizers for annual crops. The results of this study show that the
production of NPK fertilizer combined with biochar will increase the
price of fertilizer, whereas the increase in biochar content reduces the
possibility of nitrogen loss during storage and when applied to soil. In
the type of fertilizer added different biochar ratios, type NPK (5: 10:
3) added 20% biochar best suited for mass production. |
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Title: |
Development and performance evaluation of a household manually operated
citrus juice extractor |
Author (s): |
Omolayo M. Ikumapayi, Simeon A. Babalola, Temitayo M. Azeez, Ojo P.
Bodunde, Emuejevoke O. Okandeji and Sunday A. Afolalu |
Abstract: |
A manually operated citrus juice extractor for home use was designed,
fabricated and its performance evaluation was conducted on three
different citrus species which are Orange fruit, Lemon fruit and Lime
fruit for both peeled and unpeeled samples. Three different performance
parameters were used for evaluating this prototype; they are Juice yield
(%), Extraction efficiency (%) and Extraction losses (%). The
performance evaluation results obtained from the experiment for the
three samples (Orange, Lemon, and Lime) for both peeled and unpeeled
show that Maximum juice yields for peeled and unpeeled orange, lemons
and limes were obtained to be 54.5 and 55.9%, 53.4 and 59.5%, 61.5 and
66.3% respectively. While maximum extraction efficiency for peeled as
well as for unpeeled oranges was obtained to be 59.2% and 69.5%
respectively, highest extraction efficiency for peeled and unpeeled
lemon was obtained to be 57.5 and 66.1% respectively, highest extraction
efficiency for peeled and unpeeled lime was obtained to be 55.3 and
61.7% respectively. Extraction losses for peeled and unpeeled oranges
were obtained to be 10.9 and 1.73% respectively, the extraction losses
for peeled and unpeeled lemon was obtained to be 9.7 and 3.8%
respectively, the extraction losses for peeled and unpeeled lime was
obtained to be 8.8 and 4.2% respectively. Hence, unpeeled fruits showed
higher juice yields for all fruits, higher extraction efficiency for all
fruits and lower extraction losses for all fruits. |
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Title: |
Reduction of reactivity fluctuation with the
Euler-Maclaurin method |
Author (s): |
Daniel Suescún-Díaz, Geraldyne Ule-Duque and D. Peña Lara |
Abstract: |
This work presents the Euler-Maclaurin method with a first-order delay
low-pass filter for reducing fluctuations in reactivity calculation. A
Gaussian noise around the mean value of the measured neutron population
density. This noise is simulated with different standard deviations,
with a fixed seed to generate random numbers to reproduce the results.
Different numerical experiments show that the proposed method offers
high accuracy and low computational cost when compared to different
methods reported in literature, especially when compared to the finite
difference method and the FIR filter method for different forms of
neutron population density. |
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Title: |
Spatial and temporal variation of ETo for Egypt using remote sensing |
Author (s): |
Hesham Ezz and Mohamed Abdelwares |
Abstract: |
Egypt is adopting a horizontal agricultural expansion strategy despite
facing water scarcity conditions. The agricultural expansion program
will be directed towards the uncultivated lands in Egypt which can be
estimated to be more than 90% of the total area. Therefore, a
sustainable agricultural development is required. The most important
component in the agriculture management system is the accurate
estimation of the water quantities required for plantation, which is
mainly controlled by the evapotranspiration value. The objective of this
paper is to calculate the reference evapotranspiration (ETo) over the
whole area of Egypt, which is used to calculate the irrigation water
consumption, in order to give an insinuation about the suitable areas
for the agricultural expansion due to the low evapotranspiration value.
The average daily ETo by month is calculated using FAO Penman Monteith
equation which is widely recommended due to its detailed theoretical
base. The calculated ETo is demonstrated in maps using a GIS environment
all over Egypt for each month. The results of ETo showed that the least
mean value occurred during December which is about 3.28 mm, while the
highest mean value occurred in June and equal to 9.5 mm. |
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Title: |
Effect of joule parameter on MHD mixed convection in an open channel
with semi-circular heater on the bottom wall |
Author (s): |
A. K. Azad, M. M. Rahman, Salma Parvin, Mahtab Uddin and M. R. Islam |
Abstract: |
A computational study has been done to investigate the heat and fluid
flow in an open channel with a semi-circular heater on the bottom wall
under the effect of magnetic field. The walls of the channel are
adiabatic while the semi-circular heater in the bottom wall is kept at a
constant temperature. The inlet and outlet are fixed at the left and
right side of the channel. The governing equations are solved by using
Galerkin weighted residual finite element technique. In this
investigation the involved parameters are Reynolds number, Prandtl
number, Hartmann number and joule heating parameter. The effect of
Reynolds number, Prandtl number and joule heating parameter for
different Rayleigh numbers are investigated while the magnetic parameter
Ha (Hartmann number) is kept fixed at 10. The results show that at
higher Rayleigh number, joule effect parameter can be utilized to
control heat and fluid flow fields. In addition, the effect of Reynolds
number on the heat and flow fields becomes insignificant at higher
values of Rayleigh number. Finally, Prandtl number is found to have a
positive effect on heat transfer rate. |
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Title: |
Study of the features of monitoring the rectification process during
automatic control using mobile influences |
Author (s): |
Sheikus A. R., Kovalenko V. L., Kotok V. A., Bilobrova O. V., Fesenko K. O.
and Verbitskiy V. V. |
Abstract: |
Aim of the research was to study sensitivity to disturbances of contact
devices of rectification column at different values of mobile control
actions and to determine specific of changes in a number of control tray
when changing feed input point. Temperature profiles were calculated for
rectification column for separation of methyl tret-butyl ether (MTBE)
synthesis product at different values of main process disturbance of
feed flow rate. It was found that there is the region with the highest
and lowest sensitivity within the apparatus, which allows for control
over the process in one or few points. The reaction of each tray to
disturbances in feed flow rate was studied and a number of control
contact device was found based on average sensitivity. It was
discovered, that when mobile control approach is used, the control point
of the rectification column with the highest sensitivity to disturbances
is also mobile. A dependency of control contact device number of the
column on value of mobile control action was found, which lies in
changes of the column's feed input point. |
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Title: |
Performance of reactive separation process on biodiesel production |
Author (s): |
Yoel Pasae, Nugraha Sutikno, Lyse Bulo, Eda Lolo Allo, Titus Tandiseno
and Karel Tikupadang |
Abstract: |
The reactive separation process in the biodiesel industry is important
to reduce the number of process steps so that the process becomes more
economical. In this research, the Reactive Separation Process has been
carried out to carry out the process of transesterification reaction
between vegetable oil and methanol which is excessively stochiometric,
while also carrying out the process of recovery of excess methanol from
the reaction product. The parameter of the success of the Reactive
Separation process is in terms of the effectiveness of the process and
the quality of waste cooking oil biodiesel produced using several types
of catalysts. The stages of the process carried out consisted of
refining used cooking oil, catalyst preparation, transesterification
reaction, recovery of excess methanol, refining biodiesel, and testing
the characteristics of biodiesel. Based on the acquisition of biodiesel
and recovery of methanol produced from this research, it shows that the
effective reactive separation process is used for biodiesel production;
however some of the characteristics of biodiesel produced still need to
be increased until all of them meet the standards set in the Indonesian
National Standard. |
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Title: |
Seismoacoustic research of Lake Bannoe bottom sediments (South Ural,
Russia) |
Author (s): |
Krylov P. S., Nurgaliev D. K., Yasonov P. G., Dautov A. N., Golovtsov A. V.,
Sitdikov R. N. and Krylova A. S. |
Abstract: |
This paper concerns the application of seismoacoustic surveying in the
study of bottom sediments of Lake Bannoe, one of the lakes investigated
as a part of grant 18-17-00251 of Russian Science Foundation.
High-resolution seismoacoustic profiling allows remote characterization
of lake sediments stratigraphy due to the recordings of acoustic waves
reflected from the lake bottom. The record from bottom sediments reveals
thickness of more than 6 meters where bedrocks are not possible to
determine as well. This could be a result of greater thickness of
sediments containing gas bubbles. However, it is clearly seen an
increase in depth and decrease in sediment thickness towards the
southeast. |
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