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ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences                           January 2020  |  Vol. 15  No. 1
   
Title: Synthesis of fatty ethanolamides from lauric and palmitic acid: Optimization using Response Surface Methodology
Author (s): Zuhrina Masyithah, Muhammad Ashari, Nur Annisa and Muhammad Syukri
Abstract:

Response Surface Methodology is used for the prediction and optimization of the conversion of lauric and palmitic acid in the synthesis of fatty ethanolamide from monoethanolamine using zirconium (IV) chloride as a metal catalyst and n-hexane with isopropanol as a mixed solvent. By performing some experimental design by Central Composite Design, a suitable range of independent parameter of substrate molar ratio, catalyst concentration, and the solvent ratio was determined using a contour plot approach. Results show that the substrate molar ratio and catalyst concentration are the significant parameters on the lauric acid conversion, and the solvent ratio is the significant parameter on the palmitic acid conversion. The conversion is decrease by reducing catalyst concentration, and by increasing the substrate molar ratio amine to acid up to 10/1, the conversion increase but afterward gradually decreases.

   

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Title: Design of unpaved roads with DACE® software
Author (s): Julián Andrés Pulecio Diaz, Oscar Camilo Valderrama Riveros and Myriam Rocío Pallares Muñoz
Abstract:

In this article, we introduce DACE® software as an alternative of computational calculation for the design of unpaved roads, using the semi-empirical methods of Giroud, Han and Pokharel, which were published in 2004 and 2015. As a conclusion, the use of the Hypertext Preprocessor (Php) programming language, applied in order to develop DACE®, allows it to be cross-platform software since it is a web application, therefore, it works in all operating systems. Furthermore, the results obtained using DACE®, were satisfactorily validated with the exercise proposed by Han and Pokharel in 2015, therefore, it allows to determine the thicknesses of unreinforced unpaved roads (without geosynthetic), with geotextile (woven geotextile), biaxial geogrid and geocell. Lastly, DACE® is a software that will help estimate the thickness of an unreinforced unpaved road (without geosynthetic), with geotextile (woven geotextile), biaxial geogrid and geocell, whenever the subgrades have a California Bearing Ratio of the sub-grade soil (CBRs) value equal to or less than 3% and a reliability value of 50%. In addition, itis possible to apply similar thicknesses in-situ of the specimens of the CBR and modified proctor tests.

   

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Title: Comparison of rainfall analysis of JAXA satellite rainfall data on stations data in Jambi
Author (s): Nova Susanti, Wandi, Nurhidayah, Arif Ma’rufi, Dewi Iriani and Ahmad Fudholi
Abstract:

The availability of good rainfall data is a major factor in analyzing various phenomena related to rain. The rainfall data generated from the station is very accurate and reliable. However, it has various disadvantages such as incomplete data due to human error or measuring instruments, limitations in spatial resolution and availability in temporal scale. For this reason, there needs to be supporting rainfall data that can represent station data, especially in the Jambi area where good rainfall data is needed for various purposes. In this study validation of TRMM 3B42RT NASA and GSMAP JAXA satellite data on station observation data in Jambi. The method used is to compare the two satellite data with map making, graphs, and search for correlation values and RMSE to station data. After that, the best satellite data was selected to be compared with the data from 8 stations in Jambi to find out the distribution of data, graphics and the correlation and error values. From the study conducted, it was found that the rainfall value of the GSMAP JAXA satellite was closer to the station with a correlation value of 0.59 and an error of 98.75 mm/month. As for the comparison of GSMAP JAXA and data for 8 stations in the city of Jambi has a correlation range of 0.14-0.76 with an error value of 82.2- 172.27 mm/month.

   

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Title: Designing and wear testing of Excavator bucket teeth for the need of Indonesian mining
Author (s): R. Ismail, Z. Muhammad, J. Jamari and A. P. Bayuseno
Abstract:

The Excavator bucket tooth can be damaged due to abrasive wear and impact load during it is operated in the field. This paper deals with review of wear analysis of excavators bucket tooth. Excavators examined in present study was made up of alloy steel from two branded products (ND and X). The purpose of the present work was to make the quality analysis of the bucket teeth. Results of field test for two bucket teeth product provided the actual wear volume of 31.25 cm3 /day and 36.88 cm3 /day for ND and X tooth tested respectively. Similar to Ogoshi wear test, the X bucket teeth have a value of wear volume loss higher than that of ND bucket teeth. In this test, the specific abrasion value (K1) can be used for indicating the abrasive material hardness. The comparison of the value of specific abrasion (K1) bucket teeth on the application in the field and the Ogoshi wear test is 67 %. This indicated that the X bucket teeth can even compete with ND bucket teeth products on the marketplace.

   

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Title: Vortex formation in unsteady flow over NACA 4412 and NACA 4424 airfoils
Author (s): Muhammad Irfan Hadi, Mohd. Nazri and Aslam Abdullah
Abstract:

Over the years, the effects of vortex formation on the aerodynamic performance of airfoils have served as motivation for many research studies. This study takes into account NACA 4412 and NACA 4424 which are cambered airfoils. The simulations performed involve low Reynolds number air flow over the airfoils at several angles of attack. Main attention is given on the separation bubble and vortex shedding phenomena, and the effects of vortex formation on airfoils’ aerodynamic performance as represented by lift and drag coefficients. Apparently, the vortex-influenced velocity curl shows alternating vortex formation along the airfoils’ surfaces and at down streams. Also, the angles of attack influence such formation by developing specific separation bubbles with contrasting fixed points, in particular those along the airfoils’ surfaces.

   

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Title: Trade off curve of an emission economic load dispatch using NSGA-II and PVDE
Author (s): K. Rajesh and N. Visali
Abstract:

In this paper the hybrid method, Non-dominated Sorted Genetic Algorithm (NSGA-II) and Population Variant Differential Evolution (PVDE) have been placed in effect in achieving the best optimal solution of Multi objective economic emission load dispatch optimization problem. In this technique latter one is used to enforce the assigned percent of the population and the remaining with the former one. Performance and convergence characteristics are achieved with this novel technique and Diversity preserving mechanism is achieved with concept of elitism and from the tradeoff curve the best optimal solution is predicted using fuzzy set theory. This methodology is validated on IEEE 30 bus system with six generators, IEEE 118 bus system with fourteen generators with and without Valve point loading effect and with a standard forty generator test system. The solutions are dissimilitude with the existing meta heuristic methods like Strength Pareto Evolutionary Algorithm-II, Multi objective differential evolution, Multi objective Particle Swarm optimization, Fuzzy clustering particle swarm optimization, Non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-II.

   

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Title: Transport of electrolyte solutions along a plane by diffusion-osmosis
Author (s): Hisham A. Maddah
Abstract:

Diffusion-osmosis is an important electro kinetic flow mechanism in microchannels and nanochannels. In an electrolyte system, diffusion-osmosis transport results from the electrostatic interaction between a tangential concentration gradient of the electrolyte and a charged wall. The diffusion-osmotic flow of an electrolyte solution along a plane (in porous media) which is induced by the presence of a charged surface induced by the imposed electrolyte concentration gradient has been reviewed and investigated theoretically. It was assumed that there will be a constant concentration gradient imposed along the axial direction at the steady state. Electrostatic and induced potential distribution and velocity distribution of an electrolyte solution near a charged plate wall were determined from using Poisson, linearized Poisson-Boltzmann and modified Navier-Stokes equations, respectively. It was found that the normalized induced electric field approaches unity as we go far away from the EDL and normalized velocity increases with an increase in the electro-kinetic distance and approaches a constant. The effect of the induced electric field in the EDL was found to be of a dominant significance on the diffusion-osmotic flow.

   

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Title: Water pump and water filter using solar-hybrid energy with mobile vehicle
Author (s): Andrew Joewono, Rasional Sitepu and Peter R. Angka
Abstract:

Sunlight in Indonesia is available quite a lot huh this is an opportunity that can be developed to produce electricity. The hybrid solar power system used is a combination of the use of electricity from the generator and a source of electricity from the conversion of solar energy. Water is also a basic need in life. Indonesia 2 climates namely, the dry season and the rainy season. During the rainy season, water is abundant, but in the dry season many areas experience drought, thus requiring water supply from the ground so that water pumps are needed to suck up the water, to be used for daily needs. The system is designed to function with a hybrid system, electrical energy from the generator and solar energy, which can automatically regulate the charging of energy to the battery and supply the load, with an effective working time of approximately 2 hours, the power used ranges from 536 to 537 watt hours, from the supply 12v 100Ah battery energy, installed in series, and has an automatic limit voltage value of 22 volts from the battery voltage. The electric energy generated is used to drive a water pump that is passed by a sediment filter, which consists of silica sand, iron removal, activated carbon and an ultra filter 1200 liters / hour to filter out impurities at the last level, so that water results are in accordance with the feasibility standard.

   

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Title: Search for the optimal ratio of the initial substances of a chemical reaction based on evolutionary calculations
Author (s): Svetlana Mustafina, Andrey Antipin, Evgenia Antipina, Elena Odinokova, Larisa Tuchkina and Sofia Mustafina
Abstract:

The article is devoted to the problem of developing methods for mathematical modeling in the sphere of optimal planning in a chemical experiment. In the article, the problem of finding the optimal ratio for initial concentrations of substances is formulated in general terms and an algorithm for solving this problem is constructed basing on the method of artificial immune systems. The developed algorithm for finding the optimal initial concentrations of substances allows solving the problem of experiment planning in chemistry at the computational experiment stage. In this case, the solution of the optimization problem found with its help does not depend on the choice of the initial approximation. The algorithm was tested for industrially meaningful process of benzilidenbenzilamin synthesis for which the optimum values of the initial concentrations were calculated in order to obtain maximum yield of the reaction product.

   

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Title: Design and evaluation of a multiple amplitude shift keyed bit to audio tone line encoder and decoder for ASCII character communications
Author (s): Aaron Don M. Africa, Antonio Miguel Sarmiento Alejo, Grant Lewis Milan Bulaong, Samantha Maxine Ronquillo Santos and Jerrick Spencer Kehyeng Uy
Abstract:

This paper focused on the integration of line coding and nonlinear mixing in digital communication systems. The researcher’s implementation of a bit-to-audio-tone encoder with a respective decoder. The encoder received a message from the user. The message that was inputted could be a symbol, and after it was fed into the system, it then produced audio. If the receiving end has the decoder, the audio when then be translated back to the original message. This study has benefits in the field of security systems because data can be accessed or hacked by those that have the skillset to do so. This digital communication system could be used to send information to a certain person, and since only that person has the digital decoder, only he/she can access the data. To others, the system would only produce an audio tune that would be unrecognizable by those receive it if they do not have the decoder. This research aimed to create a safer way to send and receive sensitive information without unwanted third parties to decipher it.

   

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Title: The potentiometric sensor for express determination of polyhexamethylene guanidine salts
Author (s): Mironyak M. O., Volnyanska O. V., Manzuk M. V., Labyak O. V., Nikolenko M. V., Kovalenko V. L., Kotok V. A. and Verbitsky V. V.
Abstract:

A potentiometric sensor for the quantitative determination of polyhexamethylene guanidine salts was developed. The ionic associate of the degradation product of polyhexamethylene guanidine - hexamethylenediamine salts with heterogeneous acids with the Keggin structure was used as an electrode-active substance for the plasticized polyvinyl chloride membrane of the sensor. The anions of 12-molybdophosphate and 12-tungstenphosphate heteropolyacids were used as counterions for ionic associates. The influence of a qualitative and quantitative composition of the membrane, a type of degradation of polyhexamethylene guanidine salts, a nature of the membrane solvent-plasticizer, pH of the test solution, a presence of interfering ions in the solution on the electrode characteristics of the membrane of the developed sensor (tilt angle, minimum detectable concentration) were investigated. The optimum conditions for the quantitative determination of polyhexamethylene guanidine salts through the product of their degradation (hexamethylenediamine) by the potentiometric method with the developed sensor were established.

   

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Title: Research and produce fertilizer from NPK fertilizer and biochar for agricultural production
Author (s): X. A. Le, A. H. Pham, Q. V. Nguyen, T. H. Tran, T. T. T. Nguyen and B. T. Nguyen

Abstract:

Biochar contains long-term and high carbon content when applied to the soil. When applying biochar to increase the ability to absorb and retain water, keep nutrition in the soil, improve the nutritional content available. Fertilizer is an important factor to increase crop productivity and soil fertility stability. However, to minimize the harm caused by excessive fertilizer use, and improve soil, this study uses NPK chemical fertilizers in combination with biochar to produce fertilizers for annual crops. The results of this study show that the production of NPK fertilizer combined with biochar will increase the price of fertilizer, whereas the increase in biochar content reduces the possibility of nitrogen loss during storage and when applied to soil. In the type of fertilizer added different biochar ratios, type NPK (5: 10: 3) added 20% biochar best suited for mass production.

   

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Title: Development and performance evaluation of a household manually operated citrus juice extractor
Author (s): Omolayo M. Ikumapayi, Simeon A. Babalola, Temitayo M. Azeez, Ojo P. Bodunde, Emuejevoke O. Okandeji and Sunday A. Afolalu
Abstract:

A manually operated citrus juice extractor for home use was designed, fabricated and its performance evaluation was conducted on three different citrus species which are Orange fruit, Lemon fruit and Lime fruit for both peeled and unpeeled samples. Three different performance parameters were used for evaluating this prototype; they are Juice yield (%), Extraction efficiency (%) and Extraction losses (%). The performance evaluation results obtained from the experiment for the three samples (Orange, Lemon, and Lime) for both peeled and unpeeled show that Maximum juice yields for peeled and unpeeled orange, lemons and limes were obtained to be 54.5 and 55.9%, 53.4 and 59.5%, 61.5 and 66.3% respectively. While maximum extraction efficiency for peeled as well as for unpeeled oranges was obtained to be 59.2% and 69.5% respectively, highest extraction efficiency for peeled and unpeeled lemon was obtained to be 57.5 and 66.1% respectively, highest extraction efficiency for peeled and unpeeled lime was obtained to be 55.3 and 61.7% respectively. Extraction losses for peeled and unpeeled oranges were obtained to be 10.9 and 1.73% respectively, the extraction losses for peeled and unpeeled lemon was obtained to be 9.7 and 3.8% respectively, the extraction losses for peeled and unpeeled lime was obtained to be 8.8 and 4.2% respectively. Hence, unpeeled fruits showed higher juice yields for all fruits, higher extraction efficiency for all fruits and lower extraction losses for all fruits.

   

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Title: Reduction of reactivity fluctuation with the Euler-Maclaurin method
Author (s): Daniel Suescún-Díaz, Geraldyne Ule-Duque and D. Peña Lara
Abstract:

This work presents the Euler-Maclaurin method with a first-order delay low-pass filter for reducing fluctuations in reactivity calculation. A Gaussian noise around the mean value of the measured neutron population density. This noise is simulated with different standard deviations, with a fixed seed to generate random numbers to reproduce the results. Different numerical experiments show that the proposed method offers high accuracy and low computational cost when compared to different methods reported in literature, especially when compared to the finite difference method and the FIR filter method for different forms of neutron population density.

   

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Title: Spatial and temporal variation of ETo for Egypt using remote sensing
Author (s): Hesham Ezz and Mohamed Abdelwares
Abstract:

Egypt is adopting a horizontal agricultural expansion strategy despite facing water scarcity conditions. The agricultural expansion program will be directed towards the uncultivated lands in Egypt which can be estimated to be more than 90% of the total area. Therefore, a sustainable agricultural development is required. The most important component in the agriculture management system is the accurate estimation of the water quantities required for plantation, which is mainly controlled by the evapotranspiration value. The objective of this paper is to calculate the reference evapotranspiration (ETo) over the whole area of Egypt, which is used to calculate the irrigation water consumption, in order to give an insinuation about the suitable areas for the agricultural expansion due to the low evapotranspiration value. The average daily ETo by month is calculated using FAO Penman Monteith equation which is widely recommended due to its detailed theoretical base. The calculated ETo is demonstrated in maps using a GIS environment all over Egypt for each month. The results of ETo showed that the least mean value occurred during December which is about 3.28 mm, while the highest mean value occurred in June and equal to 9.5 mm.

   

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Title: Effect of joule parameter on MHD mixed convection in an open channel with semi-circular heater on the bottom wall
Author (s): A. K. Azad, M. M. Rahman, Salma Parvin, Mahtab Uddin and M. R. Islam
Abstract:

A computational study has been done to investigate the heat and fluid flow in an open channel with a semi-circular heater on the bottom wall under the effect of magnetic field. The walls of the channel are adiabatic while the semi-circular heater in the bottom wall is kept at a constant temperature. The inlet and outlet are fixed at the left and right side of the channel. The governing equations are solved by using Galerkin weighted residual finite element technique. In this investigation the involved parameters are Reynolds number, Prandtl number, Hartmann number and joule heating parameter. The effect of Reynolds number, Prandtl number and joule heating parameter for different Rayleigh numbers are investigated while the magnetic parameter Ha (Hartmann number) is kept fixed at 10. The results show that at higher Rayleigh number, joule effect parameter can be utilized to control heat and fluid flow fields. In addition, the effect of Reynolds number on the heat and flow fields becomes insignificant at higher values of Rayleigh number. Finally, Prandtl number is found to have a positive effect on heat transfer rate.

   

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Title: Study of the features of monitoring the rectification process during automatic control using mobile influences
Author (s): Sheikus A. R., Kovalenko V. L., Kotok V. A., Bilobrova O. V., Fesenko K. O. and Verbitskiy V. V.
Abstract:

Aim of the research was to study sensitivity to disturbances of contact devices of rectification column at different values of mobile control actions and to determine specific of changes in a number of control tray when changing feed input point. Temperature profiles were calculated for rectification column for separation of methyl tret-butyl ether (MTBE) synthesis product at different values of main process disturbance of feed flow rate. It was found that there is the region with the highest and lowest sensitivity within the apparatus, which allows for control over the process in one or few points. The reaction of each tray to disturbances in feed flow rate was studied and a number of control contact device was found based on average sensitivity. It was discovered, that when mobile control approach is used, the control point of the rectification column with the highest sensitivity to disturbances is also mobile. A dependency of control contact device number of the column on value of mobile control action was found, which lies in changes of the column's feed input point.

   

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Title: Performance of reactive separation process on biodiesel production
Author (s): Yoel Pasae, Nugraha Sutikno, Lyse Bulo, Eda Lolo Allo, Titus Tandiseno and Karel Tikupadang
Abstract:

The reactive separation process in the biodiesel industry is important to reduce the number of process steps so that the process becomes more economical. In this research, the Reactive Separation Process has been carried out to carry out the process of transesterification reaction between vegetable oil and methanol which is excessively stochiometric, while also carrying out the process of recovery of excess methanol from the reaction product. The parameter of the success of the Reactive Separation process is in terms of the effectiveness of the process and the quality of waste cooking oil biodiesel produced using several types of catalysts. The stages of the process carried out consisted of refining used cooking oil, catalyst preparation, transesterification reaction, recovery of excess methanol, refining biodiesel, and testing the characteristics of biodiesel. Based on the acquisition of biodiesel and recovery of methanol produced from this research, it shows that the effective reactive separation process is used for biodiesel production; however some of the characteristics of biodiesel produced still need to be increased until all of them meet the standards set in the Indonesian National Standard.

   

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Title: Seismoacoustic research of Lake Bannoe bottom sediments (South Ural, Russia)
Author (s): Krylov P. S., Nurgaliev D. K., Yasonov P. G., Dautov A. N., Golovtsov A. V., Sitdikov R. N. and Krylova A. S.
Abstract:

This paper concerns the application of seismoacoustic surveying in the study of bottom sediments of Lake Bannoe, one of the lakes investigated as a part of grant 18-17-00251 of Russian Science Foundation. High-resolution seismoacoustic profiling allows remote characterization of lake sediments stratigraphy due to the recordings of acoustic waves reflected from the lake bottom. The record from bottom sediments reveals thickness of more than 6 meters where bedrocks are not possible to determine as well. This could be a result of greater thickness of sediments containing gas bubbles. However, it is clearly seen an increase in depth and decrease in sediment thickness towards the southeast.

   

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