Increased the synthesis of alkanolamide surfactant namely lauroyl-diethanolamide, oleoyl-diethanolamide, lauroyl n-methyl glucamide and coco fatty acid amide were observed in this study. At this stage, immobilized lipase recoveries were observed and the ZrCl4 metal catalysts were used. Alkanolamides obtained from fatty acids and fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) from coconut oil are reacted with diethanolamine, monoethanolamine (MEA) and n-methyl glucamine assisted with two types of catalysts, immobile lipases, and ZrCL4. The results of the study show that in the application of enzyme recovery, immobilized lipases can be reused up to 4 times with only a slight reduction in reactivity. While observing the use of metal catalysts it was found that the reaction time could be reduced to three hours, with a substrate ratio of 4:1 (MEA: FAME) and the acquisition of fatty acid conversion reaching 90%.

Full Text

Many researches used dissipated energy approach to find the changing of the asphalt binder properties through repeated cyclic loading with accumulation of damage. In this research time-sweep and stress - sweep tests were used to simulate fatigue phenomenon for the different production refineries of Iraqi asphalt binders (Nasiriya, Daurah and Basrah) by applying repeated cyclic load of strain or stress at chosen loading frequency and temperatures. The asphalt binders were aged by rolling thin film oven for simulating influence of oxidation in the mixing and compaction of HMA, and pressure aging vessel to represent long term oxidation life. All the tests were conducted at 10 Hz at intermediate temperatures and 3 percent of strain that closest to the HMA mixture beam fatigue behavior [1], different mathematical models were founded to represent relation of the dissipated energy ratio and fatigue life at constant stress value (150 and 200) kPa for RTFO aging and 300, 350 kPa for PAV aging. It was found that fatigue life of Al-Nasiriya asphalt binder more than Daurah and Basrah by 67%, 187% respectively for long term aging. In general, it was noticed that the stiffness modulus (G*) values accelerated and quickly reached to the failure criteria, as decreased about 55% of the original G* value.

Full Text

Corn cob (CC) as an alternative fuel for the power plant is still under study, especially in Indonesia. In Indonesia, steam power plants are still using coal fuel in currently. This study was conducted to obtain co-oxidative characteristics of CC with plastic bag (PB) as an alternative fuel for power plants. Determination of the characteristics of CC with PB mixture as fuel is carried out in oxidative study. Test co-oxidative characteristics of CC with PB is conducted by a thermogravimetric analysis at heating rate of 10oC/min, nitrogen flow rate of 50 ml/min, and temperature from 30 - 800oC. The dehydration process occurs at temperatures from 40 - 100oC, while for thermal degradation at temperatures from 200 - 340oC, 400-500oC, and 580 - 670oC. Activation energy and calorific value of CC with PB mixture increase significantly with the addition of 10%, 30%, and 50% PB in CC. It is concluded that co-oxidative characteristic of CC with PB mixture is suitable and better as fuel for power plant if compared with its original state of CC.

Full Text

A differential evolution algorithm optimized hybrid FPID controller is considered in this research article for Load Frequency Control of multi area interconnected systems. Each area consists of three plants like gas, hydro and thermal. DE algorithm is used to optimize the parameters of PID/hybrid FPID controllers by employing ITAE as objective function. The system performances are evaluated with single and double disturbances respectively. The simulation result indicate that the hybrid FPID controller exhibit better performance compare to PID controller.

Full Text

Nowadays, renewable energy has become one of the important energy resources in our daily lives. One of the important and promising renewable energy resource today is the photovoltaic (PV). However, weather changes contribute to the PV output power fluctuations. Thus, for a PV-related system, a closed-loop control system is necessary for ensuring the system produces a regulated DC output voltage. This paper presents the development of PIC16F877A microcontroller-based DC to DC buck converter. This converter steps down a DC voltage source to a specific voltage which suitable for other specific applications. For the PV output voltage fluctuating from 18V to 12V, the microcontroller generates a pulse-width modulation (PWM) signal accordingly to control the converter switching device MOSFET IRF540, thus regulating the converter output voltage to 12V. The system simulation was carried out in the PROTEUS ISIS Professional software tool. Due to the unavailability of the PV device in this simulation software, a DC voltage source is utilized. This voltage source is varied to emulate the PV output variations. The simulation results show that the controller managed to step-down the voltage source and regulated at 11.98VDC. The prototype was built and tested in a laboratory for validation. Due to the constrains and limitations of the PV module, an adjustable power supply was used to provide variation of input voltage levels for the buck converter. The experiment results also show that the output voltage is managed to be regulated at 12V. The results signify the efficacy of developed converter control system algorithm.

Full Text

The vegetable cover plays an important role in the environment and Earth resource sciences. In south Iraq, the region is classified as arid or semiarid area due to the low precipitations and high temperature among the year. In this paper, the Landat-8 satellite imagery will be used to study and estimate the vegetable area in south Iraq. For this purpose many vegetation indices will be examined to estimate and extract the area of vegetation contain in and image. Also, the weathering parameters must be investigated to find the relationship between these parameters and the arability of vegetation cover crowing in the specific area. The remote sensing packages and Matlab written subroutines may be use to evaluate the results.

Full Text

In Cloud computing, data security has an important role in the communication system development. Network security has become a major concern in the recent years because, in cloud storage environment, the data should be secured from the intruders. So the data should be encrypted and outsourced in the cloud. Cryptography serves an important role in the information security system against different attacks and cloud storage systems. New types of cryptography techniques can overcome the security threat. The Advanced Encryption Standard is a robust symmetric key cryptographic algorithm that uses the lookup table to enhance its performance. The Cache Timing Attack relates the encryption timing details under a key already known with a key that is unknown to infer the key that is unknown. Here an extension of a public-key cryptosystem is proposed which is a combination of Advanced Encryption Standard and Honey Cryptography to support a private key cryptosystem. The results have been obtained by Advanced Encryption Standard key length as 128 bit and no. of iterations as 10.To improve competency and to reduce drawbacks, this paper proposes a honey encryption scheme. The parameters to be discussed focuses on the no. of iterations, key length, and the side channel attack type to be implemented.

Full Text

In this paper, combine a Euclidian distance restricted auto encoder foreground extraction techniques to develop a real-time object detection algorithm. The pixels in the initial frames are used to model a zero mean unit variance Gaussian distribution. The new pixels are tested against these models and classified as foreground and background based on their variance ranges. The extracted foreground is then recognized with help of a multilayered auto encoder which gives better efficiency with lesser training data because of the Euclidian distance based restriction and dropout step to avoid overfitting. The efficiency of the method and the neural network are tabulated.

Full Text

The paper deals with determination of local and global modulus of elasticity of selected glued I-beams. Wooden I-beams consist of flanges made of laminated veneer lumber (LVL) and webs made of OSB. The interconnection of the flanges and the web is realized by glued wedge joint in the so-called neck. Different types of I-beams were subjected to a four-point bending test, where a load-deformation curve was recorded. The experimental results were then compared with an analytical calculation according to the standard for wooden structures design (Eurocode 5).

Full Text

A novel technique for segmentation of images based on Darwinian particle swarm optimisation (DPSO) algorithm is proposed to detect the anemia disease by using a palm region of the person. Images are captured using a digital microscopic camera, and pre-processing is done. The Darwinian principle is applied to improve the values of fitness function individually to all input images and results in output images. The efficiency of the proposed technique is measured on mean, standard deviation and entropy. The experimental results demonstrate that the DPSO algorithm based analysis is better than PSO algorithm based analysis.

Full Text

The essential nature of convection-diffusion related problems is the main reason why they are found in various science and engineering applications. This includes the computational fluid dynamics problems of grid structure for the numerical calculations. In this research, the importance of the relationships between the grid structure and the flow parameters is emphasized. A systematic technique in setting the parameter of interest is applied. In particular, we present the a posteriori formulation of low Peclet number based grid expansion factor for the numerical solution of convection-diffusion equation. The resulting function which is ‘many-to-one’ serves as a standard for a more efficient decision-making in the determination of the computational domain grid, and in eliminating some heuristic aspects of the scalar concentration prediction. The results confirm the effectiveness of the new approach.

Full Text

Abstract:

This paper presents the identification of weak buses in electrical power system with the use of modal analysis technique and load power margin values. A weak bus can be defined as a load bus that has high tendency towards experiencing voltage instability. This type of bus cannot afford high value of load incremental values. The modal analysis technique will show the list of weak buses in the power system. Meanwhile load power margin is very useful for showing how much the load at the bus can be increased before experiencing voltage instability. Both modal analysis technique and load power margin values are applied upon the IEEE 39-bus test power system. From there, five weak buses in the test power system are selected and compared. The results proved that weak buses determined by modal analysis technique have low load power margin values.

Full Text

The process of limited access systems developing is associated with users identification problem. In this paper solution of the problem is provided, which consists in using face geometry parameters. Implementation of combined identification method, which uses 3D face structure reconstruction and analysis, is considered. Hybrid approach is used for 2D and 3D analysis of video-frames and it helps to reduce hardware requirements and also retain method operability. A set of classification methods is considered for achieving the best accuracy for solving an identification problem. Experimental research is provided for performance confirmation and method operability quality estimation.

Full Text

To date, wireless access network is deemed essential in many domains of the industry and the academic. The wireless access technology allows a user to be mobile within the local coverage and remain connected to the network. In a highly-dense residential area, each resident unit may be associated with a single wireless network. Multiple wireless network in proximity can lead to interference, due to the limited availability of wireless channel to be selected. Therefore, the accumulation of wireless network in a severely contained area may lead to suboptimal performance. In addition, a particular wireless technology, which is Wireless Mesh Networks (WMN) is extremely dependent on the mesh topology to provide complete redundancy and reliability to the network connection. Despite such provision, the inherent issue with such arrangement is the radio interference impacted on the wireless communication. This research study aims to quantify the performance of mesh network when exposed to extremely high interference in grid wireless network. In addition, the paper also discusses about the fundamental model of WMN and the simulation tool used in the experiment. The design of experiment is also presented, including the performance metrics to evaluate the wireless performance.

Full Text

Development of alternative diesel has to reduce exhaust emissions associated with change of environmental and energy protection. The most important alternative fuel options include synthetic fuel, biodiesel, dimethyl ether, diethyl ether, alcohols, methane and hydrogen. The mechanism to choose future fuel based on better performance energy efficiency and emissions analysis is limited by such factors like availability, production and transportation. In this present work thermal cracked carbon filter Sunflower Acid Oil (B20TCSAO) with Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNT) in different concentrations (10ppm, 20ppm, 30ppm, 40ppm, and 50ppm) and diesel at (20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100%) load. The readings were taken in 20 %, 40 %, 60 %, 80 % and 100 % load. The brake thermal efficiency increases with the increasing of MWCNT level. The smoke density was reduced with the addition of MWCNT by about 2.2% to 5.2%, especially at full load.

Full Text

The penetration of renewable energy conversion system in power system becomes very important because of green energy in recent power system. The incorporation of renewable energy resource in multi-area power system is proposed with Area-1 and Area-2 consist of thermal reheat power plant where as area-3 and area-4 as hydro power plant and area-5 as renewable energy system. The cyber security threat may cause the operation of power system to blackout and due to that the economy of power industries effected and it may cause the power failure in many busy cities. If the cyber security attack is done in 5 area system, the system has to work in perfect operating condition in lesser time. Here the differential game theory-based control strategy is imposed for formulating the problem of cyber security threat. And the performance evaluation is carried out using PI controller and differential game theory based robust controller with MATLAB software is used for evaluation and comparison of results.

Full Text

Current designs of ground based, wind energy extraction systems have limitations of wind instability and high cost of installations. The efficiency of these systems is optimal for a nominal speed and decrease sharply for higher or lower winds. This paper introduces large air rotors at high altitude for powerful and relatively stable air stream out of ground effect. This first part deals with an existing helicopter that is transformed to an autogiro for power generation. The helicopter is linked to the ground with a cable that connects the airborne generator to the ground power grid. In our case the air rotor system flies at an altitude of about 4 km that is statistically the best compromise between power available and altitude. Two versions of the helicopter are considered: electrical (motors-generators) and hybrid (turboshafts + generators). In the electrical version, the electric motors power the helicopter that climbs up the required altitude and lift the cables. At this point, the motors are switched to generator-mode and the helicopter keeps altitude as an autogiro and generates energy. The hybrid solution adds the generator(s) to the helicopter. The hybrid-helicopter climbs with the turboshafts and then trip-off the engines to work as an autogiro-generator. We used is the largest available helicopter : the CH47 Chinook. This choice is because it is economically convenient to use the largest wind generator possible. Both fully electric and hybrid solutions proved to be technically feasible. However, the pure electric solution requires a huge amount of power from the power grid (7 MW), therefore has relatively high installation costs. For this reason, the hybrid solution is more practical. The average power produced is more than 0.8 MW. Unfortunately, the cost per kWh is two order of magnitude higher than the carbon produced one. Therefore, this solution is convenient only when you have problems to take the fuel or the grid to the place where energy is needed. Helicopter/autogiro stability and control systems enable to change altitude and to deal with emergencies. This airborne system provides the following main advantages: power production capacity higher than conventional ground-based small rotor designs; the installation is environmentally friendly also for the propeller noise.

Full Text

This article presents a description of one of the promising applications of overburden pegmatites and quartzofeldspathic tailings from molybdenum ore at Sorsky GOK copper and molybdenum mining complex in the production of low-fired porcelain. The proposal is to move away from exploiting natural fluxes which are becoming scarce, replacing them with secondary material resources. Presence of potassium and sodium in the chemical composition of pegmatites and quartzofeldspathic sand in feldspar may produce a viscous mass in a reasonably low temperature melt, contributing to the dissolution of quartz and clay matter. The research work presented below offers a solution to the challenge of replacing the classic porcelain mass (kaolin-quartz-fluxing agent) with industrial products by implementing a porcelain molding process. If the quartzofeldspathic tailings mass percent in porcelain ceramics is 45, a minimum water absorption of 0.84 percent is reached for the sintered ceramics. This optimizes the porcelain material composition and the mass percent (kaolin clay 60-50, quartzofeldspathic sand 35-45, cullet 5), as well as the sintering process parameters (firing temperature is 1,175 °?, isothermal exposure is two hours). A flow chart has been developed for achieving semiporcelain products with the water absorption of 0.8-5 mass percent.

Full Text

The nonlocal means (NLM) filtering scheme has gained an increasingly interest in the last decade for its great performance in image restoration. This scheme yields attractive results in removing Gaussian noise from an image by replacing the intensity value of each pixel by weighted average of the pixel intensities in a search neighborhood in the image. It is primarily based on repeated patterns that often exit in images. The selection of the kernel functions in such nonlocal means image restoration scheme is a major concern of researchers in order to improve the restored image quality. The Gaussian function is a standard kernel function commonly applied in the NLM filtering. In this paper, two functions for a nonlocal means image filtering scheme are proposed through a specific NLM method using an adaptive window size which that varies according to the characteristics of the search regions in the image. Zero-mean Gaussian noise with different values of standard deviation corrupting various images of different characteristics has been used in the computer simulations. Mean squared error (MSE) and mean absolute error (MAE) have been used as measuring indices for the quality of the output restored image. Results show that these two functions work well and yield better performance mainly for images with a lot of details and edges than the conventional NLM scheme that uses the Gaussian kernel function and a fixed window size.

Full Text

The soil-structure interaction is the crucial part of stability of all buildings. Understanding this problematic has a huge impact on structure design. Experimental testing is an opportunity for better understanding of soil- foundation behaviour. Faculty of Civil Engineering of Ostrava in the Czech Republic made series of test of flat slabs for this purpose. This article focuses on two fibre-reinforced slabs C25/30 with dimension 2000 x 2000 x 150 mm with the fibre content of 25kg/m3. Both slabs were located on the same subsoil and loaded by the force load in the steps until the maximum bearing capacity reached. First slab was loaded by the centric force but the second one was loaded with a 400 mm eccentricity. Deformation of the top surface of the slab were measured in several points during the test. Deformation of both slabs were compared in the middle cross-section.

Full Text

Web mining and web utilization mining are drawing in numerous analysts to propose new thoughts, models, implement machine-learning algorithms with more improvements. World Wide Web (WWW) use gets extends its wings to all sort of uses that incorporates internet-based business, namely e-commerce. E-commerce encourages shoppers/clients to purchase the needed products on the web and in the meantime, web analytics causes the site overseers to recognize which items get more sales. Opinion mining is one of the ways to make an investigation in numerous decision-making tasks in the web-based business field. This paper proposes a genetic algorithm based ant colony optimization approach (GA-ACO) to solve the problems that emerge cross-domain opinion mining. The acquired dataset comprises of reviews about multiple products like books, DVDs, gadgets and kitchen appliances. The highlights are recognized by making utilization of altered ACO and opinion mining is performed by Genetic Algorithm (GA) Accuracy and F-measure are two chosen performance for evaluating the performance of the proposed work. Comparison of results presented with domain-specific and domain-independent words. Results depict that the proposed work has better performance than that of the existing work as far as chosen performance metrics.

Full Text

The solar potential varies according to geographical coordinates and climatic parameters. The knowledge of the solar potential in a given locality in this global context characterized by the warming of the planet Earth is part of a logic of promotion of green energies. Most of the works in this area lacks sufficient experimental data. In order to minimize the errors propagated in the literature, we use two (2) years of experimental data. This work proposes a comparative study of the solar potentialities and five meteorological parameters of the cities of Niamey and Zinder based on experimental data. The comparative analysis of the global solar radiation and the climatic parameters will allow us to make a solar dimensioning as accurate as possible.

Full Text

The DG placement algorithms perform the optimal placement and sizing in distribution system. But it only considers the real and reactive power loss minimization. The analysis is static. The DGs are generally dynamic in nature as they are renewable resources. But the loads connected in the DGs are not only linear loads. Many loads at the feeder are non-linear. In this paper the unified power quality conditioner (UPQC) is interfaced with PV (Photo Voltaic) and wind generators. The current reference generation technique is used for series converter and shunt converter by using this hybrid combination. This takes care of all types of voltage sags and swells. The real and reactive power both is controlled from PV and wind to grid. The system is considered as a standard distribution feeder system. The 230V feeder system is considered here for testing these dynamics.

Full Text