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ARPN Journal of Engineering and
Applied Sciences
May 2019 | Vol. 14 No. 10 |
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Title: |
Study on compressor performance with the
orifice shape of a compressor suction valve |
Author (s): |
Y. N. Jang and Y. L. Lee |
Abstract: |
Household refrigerators consume a lot of power. This power consumption
causes not only environmental problems but also energy reduction
problems. Therefore, this paper was aimed to optimize the performance of
the compressor which consumes the most power in the refrigerator. For
this, the performance of the refrigerator according to the suction
orifice shape was examined using the 3D rigid valve model. As a result,
increasing the number of suction orifices increases the cooling capacity
by up to 1.3% and increases the EER by 0.13. |
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Title: |
Experimental evaluating of thermal
resistance performance for different types of thermal insulators for
mounted roof water storage tanks |
Author (s): |
Baqer A. Alhabeeb |
Abstract: |
Fluctuating the temperature of water stored in a mounted roof tank in
summer and winter has become an issue for domestic uses in developing
countries. This study focused to keep the temperature of the stored
water low in summer to use it comfortably and relatively high in winter
to save energy. Nine water containers were insulated with different
types of thermal insulators. The insulators used in this study were:
aluminum foil (AF) sheet, Air gap + AF, dry soil + AF, dry canes of
arundo donax + AF, fiberglass + AF, polystyrene only, polystyrene + AF,
polystyrene + mirror and industrial sponge + AF. The effectiveness of
thermal resistance for each individual insulator and for a reference
unwrapped container was calculated depending on temperature measurements
recorded over 24 hours for both summer and winter cases. The results
showed that AF has a significant effect to enhance the thermal
insulation efficiency. Industrial sponge + AF provided the best value of
thermal insulation effectiveness compared to the other insulators used
in the current study. Air gap and arundo donax could be more suitable
applications in winter to reduce heating energy consumption. |
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Title: |
Development and influence of setting
variables in single point incremental sheet metal forming of AA 8011
using ranking algorithm |
Author (s): |
Ganesh Babu Loganathan, S. P. Sundar Singh
Sivam, V. G. Umasekar and Saravanan K. |
Abstract: |
Single point Incremental shaping (SPIF) is a metal forming process which
rose to unmistakable quality toward the start of the 1990s. ISF is an
exceedingly limited twisting procedure in which a device, modified to
take after a specific direction, moves over a sheet metal and structures
the coveted shape. During the SPIF, process parameters such as the Axial
Feed (mm), Feed (mm/min), tool Diameter (mm) and Depth (mm) at the
specimen interface greatly influence in the Cone shaped Mechanical
quality such as Maximum Thinning (mm), Cone Height (mm), Wall Angle (mm)
&Forming Time (min) of Forming. The aim of the present work is to study
these parameters while build up a cone quality, were formed by VMC. To
carry out a detailed study of these parameters, experiments were
conducted by using the L9 orthogonal array. The output parameters such
as affecting mechanical quality were analysed by Grey relational
Analysis and ANNOVA. |
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Title: |
Cultivation of Amphidinium carterae in a
bubble column photobioreactor: Energy dissipation rate characterization |
Author (s): |
Hugo F. Lobaton |
Abstract: |
Amphidinium species belong to a genus of dinoflagellates that produce
outstanding compounds with antitumor activity. However, the development
of a stable producing system has not been conducted yet; perhaps because
of the low biomass concentration and the possible difficulties in the
scale-up, which are the result of shear stress limitations. The present
work evaluates the energy dissipation rates generated in a one-litter
bubble column photobioreactor by using computational fluid dynamics for
different superficial gas velocities. Energy dissipation rates were
linked to the growth of Amphidinium carterae and this work shows that A.
carterae can stand energy dissipation rates of 0.12 m2/s3 with a good
growth rate and not visible shear damage. In addition, it was found that
in cultivations without CO2 additions is compulsory to use high
superficial gas velocities in order to avoid pH increments out of the
optimal one. |
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Title: |
Experimental study of capsules formation
using different types of polymers |
Author (s): |
Aitbek Kakimov, Zhainagul Kakimova, Madina
Jumazhanova, Alibek Muratbayev, Gulmira Zhumadilova, Gulmira Mirasheva,
Aleksandr Mayorov and Zhunus Soltanbekov |
Abstract: |
The
aim of this work was an experimental study of the possibility of
formation of capsules by different types of polymers. In this work,
several types of polymers were chosen as encapsulating materials: amide
pectin, alginate and gelatin. In the experiment different polymer
concentrations were used and the dependence of the formation of
spherical capsules from the concentration of the encapsulating substance
was studied. It was experimentally established that elastic, preserving
the structure of spherical capsules are obtained by using alginate /
gelatin in a percentage of 1/1. The strength of the capsules was also
studied. As a result, it was found that the best option is the
composition of capsules containing 1% gelatin and 1% alginate. Capsules
made of this composition have a rounded spherical shape, the same size,
and they are resistant to physical impact. As a result of the study of
rheological characteristics of natural polymers, promising for obtaining
capsules, it can be concluded that the most suitable samples for the
creation of new functional gel systems based on natural polymers are the
ratio of alginate and gelatin, because they form heat-reversible gels. |
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Title: |
Implementation of land cover change
detection based on supervised classifications of multispectral satellite
data for leveraging internet of things |
Author (s): |
A. Ahmad, U. K. M. Hashim, R. Abd Wahid,
H. Sakidin, S. F. Sufahani, A. R. M. Amin, M. M. Abdullah and S. Quegan |
Abstract: |
The
study reported in this paper aims to detect land cover changes using
multispectral and multitemporal remote sensing data. The data came from
Landsat TM satellite covering the area of Klang, located in Selangor,
Malaysia. Initially, pre-processing was carried out to identify the
stability of three supervised methods namely maximum likelihood (ML),
neural network (NN) and support vector machines (SVM) as the size of
training pixels changed For this purpose, Landsat bands 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
and 7 for the year 1998 were used as the input for each of these methods
to classify land covers within the study area. The generated land cover
classifications were evaluated by statistically comparing each land
cover with a reference data set using a confusion matrix. Subsequently,
these methods were used to classify land covers of the same area using
Landsat data acquired in the year 2000 and 2005. The 2005 classification
was then statistically compared with the 2000 classification using a
confusion matrix for each of the methods. This produced land cover
changes that occurred between 2000 and 2005 which were generated using
SVM, ML and NN. Results showed that land cover change detection using
SVM was quantitatively and qualitatively more accurate compared to ML
and NN mainly due to the least affected by the size of training pixels.
The findings of the study are relevant and beneficial in leveraging the
internet of things practices. |
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Title: |
Contamination effect of synthetic based
mud on Fly Ash based geopolymer cement slurry |
Author (s): |
Dinesh Kanesan, Davannendran Chandran and
Nuriman Amsha Bin Azhar |
Abstract: |
The
contamination of cement is a major concern in the oil and gas drilling
and cementing operations. The integrity of oil and gas wells can be
affected by poor zonal isolation due to inadequate mud removal,
excessive mud filter cake formation and contamination of cement slurry
by mud. Poor cementing can lead to detrimental effects such as blowout
which may result in loss of lives and huge monetary losses. The use of
geopolymer cement has gained popularity in recent years due to its
enhanced cementitious properties compared to the conventional Ordinary
Portland Cement (OPC) and its ability to reduce the production of
greenhouse gasses. Although studies have been conducted to compare the
cement properties of geopolymer cement and OPC, the practical aspects in
terms of oil well cementing such as drilling mud contamination effects
on geopolymer cement is yet to be studied in detail. In this study, the
contamination effects of synthetic based drilling mud (SBM) on Class F
Fly Ash based geopolymer cement with densities of 11 ppg, 13 ppg and 15
ppg, were investigated at temperature and pressure of 65 °C and 3000 psi
respectively. In all three cases, the compressive strength of the fly
ash based geopolymer cement reduces as the drilling mud contamination
percentage increases. However, the experimental findings suggest that
the 13 ppg geopolymer cement slurry formulation is the optimum
formulation for the lowest strength reduction at 15% contamination of
drilling mud. Besides that, the fluid loss tests indicate that the fluid
loss decreases as the drilling mud contamination percentage increases
for all densities of geopolymer cement studied. This trend suggests that
lesser additives would be required to control fluid loss during oil well
cementing operations using geopolymer cement if mud contamination
percentages are high. The conclusion of this study supports the usage of
Class F Fly Ash based geopolymer cement for oil well cementing
applications. |
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Title: |
Simultaneous effects thermal diffusion and
diffusion thermo on MHD non-newtonian Casson fluid flow along a
vertically inclined plate in presence of free convection and joules
dissipation |
Author (s): |
D. V. V. Krishna Prasad, G. S. Krishna
Chaitanya and R. Srinivasa Raju |
Abstract: |
This
paper derives numerical solutions of completely developed free
convection with heat and mass transfer flow towards a vertically
inclined plate in presence of Casson fluid, thermal diffusion, diffusion
thermo, heat source and porous medium. In energy equation, the effects
of viscous dissipation and Joule dissipation effects are discussed. The
numerical solution for the governing nonlinear boundary value problem is
based on the numerical method scheme over the entire range of physical
parameters. The transmuted governing partial differential equations are
resolved numerically by employing finite element method. He impact of
pertinent flow parameters on momentum, thermal and mass transport
behaviour including the skin-friction factor, thermal and mass transport
rate are examined and published with the assistance of graphical and
tabular forms. Favorable comparisons with previously published work on
various special cases of the problem are obtained. |
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Title: |
Arabic Query Expansion using WordNet and
Cuckoo algorithm |
Author (s): |
Samar K. Adnan and Nada A. Z. Abdullah |
Abstract: |
One
of the foremost difficulties of recent Information Retrieval (IR)
systems is the vocabulary problem. One way of processing the vocabulary
problem is by using a thesaurus (usually semantic), Query expansion
mechanism has an remarkable solution for attaining a perfect answer to a
user inquiry whereas preserve the quality of retained documents. This at
most depends on an accurate choice of the added terms to an initial
query. This paper proposes a system for Arabic Information Retrieval
System that can be used to expand the Arabic query automatically. The
Arabic Query Expansion (AQE) system used the Arabic WordNet for
producing thesaurus and Cuckoo algorithm to select the most relevant
documents. The AQE system applied on standard dataset, which is called
(Xnh4500) that contains 4500 documents distributed over eight classes.
The investigational results show that the AQE proposed system
outperforms the comparative system and has accomplished high accuracy,
precision, recall and F1-measure about (76%, 95% and 83%) in the
standard dataset respectively. |
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Title: |
DFT analysis of power spectral density on
EEG signals for diagnostic understanding of epilepsy |
Author (s): |
Alpika Tripathi, Geetika Srivastava, K. K.
Singh and P. K. Maurya |
Abstract: |
A
chronic neurological disorder, Epilepsy affects the nervous system and
it also affects nearly 1% of worldwide population. Epilepsy is also
known as a seizure disorder and it is usually diagnosed after a person
had at least two seizures that were not caused by some known medical
conditions. The aim of this paper is to provide a new epileptic seizure
prediction technique using EEG signal spectrum analysis. The DFT
(Discrete Fourier Transform) analysis of PSD (Power Spectral Density) of
frequency components of EEG signals are used for diagnosis of Epilepsy
disorder. The results show and accuracy of about 98% and gives accurate
differentiation differentiated between normal subjects and subjects with
epilepsy. |
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Title: |
Foundation of a mathematical method for
analysis of voice commands |
Author (s): |
Tymchenko S. E., Tymchenko E. M., Vlasov
S. F., Vlasov V. S., Kovalenko V. L. and Kotok V. A. |
Abstract: |
Development of solutions for problems of automatic speech recognition
and understanding is getting more and more scientific and practical
value. The aim of the work is to evaluate the effectiveness of using
mathematical method for recognition of speech sounds. State of the
problem was analyzed, requirements to developed algorithm were reviewed
and method for solving the set problem have been chosen. A hypothesis
has been proposing that each sound has its own specific spectra and the
possibility of realizing recognition of individual speech sounds
regardless of speakers have been studied. Analysis of the experimental
data was conducted. Spectra of recorded sounds were compiled and
algorithms based on discrete Fourier transform were chosen for their
processing. To evaluate the quality of speech recognition (probability
of correct recognition), the program was used to process all 180
recorded sounds (6 for 30 voices) and data on a number of correct and
false recognitions for each sound with all four methods was compiled.
The obtained data were used to develop and programmatically implement an
algorithm for recognition of vowel sounds. The program realizes few
different algorithms for sound recognition and outputs result for each
of them and total recognition result. The novelty of technical solution
is in that developed system is able to recognize sounds with a
sufficient degree of probability without the need for pre-processing.
The practical value of the project is in the realization of vowel sound
recognition as a fragment of a new approach to the development of a
system for voice command recognition for Slavic language family. Result
for algorithm revealed that for proposed method, the probability of
correct recognition is higher than 84%, which allows concluding that
proposed method can be used for development of fundamentally new
approach in recognition of voice command for multi-user systems with
voice control. |
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Title: |
Optimizing irrigation efficiency of Al-Kamaliya
irrigation canal |
Author (s): |
Ayad Talib, Husam H. Alwan and Zuhair A.
W. AL Jwahery |
Abstract: |
Irrigation Management is important since it helps determine future
Irrigation expectations The goal of irrigation management is to use
water in the most profitable way at sustainable production levels.. This
study achieved to develop the optimized irrigation of AL- Kamaliya
irrigation project in province of Karbala in Iraq and improve its
operation by predicting better irrigation efficiency with respect to the
area of lands and the cost of cubic meter of water. The study showed
that it could optimize the irrigation efficiency according to the area
and cost of cubic meter of water in order to serve the project
efficiently. |
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Title: |
Investigation in different type of wavelet
transform decomposition for different type of biomedical signals |
Author (s): |
Ibrahim Amer Ibrahim and Yasir Salam
Abdulghafoor Al-khafaji |
Abstract: |
Most
of the biomedical signals are complex, weak, un-uniform and
unsymmetrical signals; therefore the wavelet decomposing is a useful
tool for finding the information in these biomedical signals. However,
in this paper we searched and found the proper wavelet transform
decomposing method from different type of wavelet transforms decomposing
methods of different Electroencephalography (EEG) signals in which it
had lower root mean square error (RMSE) and higher signal to noise ratio
(SNR) from the decomposing process. The paper contains two main parts:
part I: comparing different wavelet transforms decomposing methods ( in
case of type, level, and order) for decomposing also a different type of
biomedical signals Electrocardiogram (ECG), Electromyography (EMG) &
EEG) signals. Part II: in this part, specify the best type of Discrete
Wavelet Transform (DWT) filter and it's order. This filter will be
selected as comfortable type for decomposing process for each type of
biomedical signals. The results showed that the (bior2.4) mother’s
wavelet for DWT had the lowest RMSE and the highest SNR for all types of
collected biomedical signals that used in this work. Therefore, (bior)
filter of order (2.4) is considered the more suitable and efficient
filter for all types of biomedical signals used. However, it was clearly
identified that the (sym9) DWT filter was the worst filter that used in
the decomposition of all biomedical signals used. Moreover, the result
showed that the ECG signals had the highest RMSE and lowest SNR for all
DWT filter used. |
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Title: |
Incorporation cloud point extraction with
liquid ion exchange for separation and determination of iron (III) |
Author (s): |
Shawket K. Jawad and Rana K. Ridha |
Abstract: |
Joined cloud point extraction with liquid ion exchange used as sensitive
method for separation and determination iron (III) the study appear the
wave length of extreme absorbance for ion pair association complex of
Fe3+has been (?max=349nm), so the preparation of ion pair complex need
0.3M HClin the presence of 100µg Fe3+/10mL and 0.5mL of TritonX-100 ,
with heating at 80şC for 30min.and the thermodynamic data for extraction
was ?Hex=0.128kJmol-1, ?Gex=-61.2kJ.mol-1, ?Sex=173.73J.mol-1.K-1.
As well as the experimental studies shows there is un effect for
electrolyte and interferences, so the stoichiometry appear the more
feasible structure of ion pair association complex extracted was 1:1 (AYGG:
FeCl4-), as well as the study include application for determination Fe
(III) in different samples. |
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Title: |
Electric and magnetic fields analysis of
Traveling Wave Induction Heating |
Author (s): |
Lina J. Rashad and Fadhil A. Hasan |
Abstract: |
The
analysis of the electromagnetic problem is the dominant aspect to
investigate the performance of the induction heating process. There are
two universal analysis methods; the mathematical and numerical methods,
each of them has its own advantages and drawbacks. This paper presents a
comprehensive analysis of the electromagnetic problem, for the Traveling
Wave Induction Heating (TWIH) system, by the aid of mathematical
analytical approach. The 2-dimensional model is analyzed and the
solution of the electromagnetic field is concern on investigation the
behaviour of the magnetic field attenuation, material impedance, normal
forces between the heater and material, the air gap flux, eddy current
density, produced power, magnetizing reactance and effective workpiece
resistance. The analytical results are verified by comparing them with
that of the numerical analysis method. The comparison shows significant
convergence between the presented analytical method and the numerical
analysis method. The percentage errors between the two methods, for both
of eddy current density and averaged power, are very acceptable for
major analysis requirements. The proposed model can replace the
numerical model in an efficient manner in terms of the accuracy of the
results in addition to reducing the computation time and the provision
of effort in building the numerical model. |
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Title: |
Literature review of authentication layer
for public cloud computing: A meta-analysis |
Author (s): |
Abdalla Eldow, Mohanaad Shakir, Mohammed
Ahmed Talab and Ahmed Kh. Muttar |
Abstract: |
Cloud
computing is a rapidly growing technology due to its highly flexible
uses and applications. It also has other features such as simplicity,
quick data access and reduced data storage costs. Consequently, it has
been widely used by many organizations. This widespread use of cloud
computing among organizations causes many security issues. Moreover,
cloud computing layers are likely to be jeopardized by many security
risks such as privileged8user access, data location, data segregation,
and data recovery. This paper aims to prepare an ample debate of a
literature review-based studies that provided important insights to
researchers in the scope of security cloud computing. The researcher
applied a relevant set of keywords. These keywords are limited to the
title, abstract and keywords search archives published between 2010 and
June 2018. The database search returned a total of 308 publications. In
addition, we conducted backward-forward searches from the reference
lists of relevant, quality previous works on the security framework in
public cloud computing studies. Then, the researcher filtered the
publications to only full text access articles that were written in
English only. Finally, this study obtained a many publication. The
findings of this paper address many important points such as in this
study is recommended to apply behavior recognition with password for
improving authentication layer performance in cloud computing. This
study finds most of current studies neglected the present of human
factor in password-based authentication, and learnability in
password-based authentication is highly weak. Despite this, very few
studies have adopted the behavior recognition with password in public
cloud. |
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Title: |
IM-REAST: An improved reliable, energy
aware and stable topology for Wireless Body Bio-Sensor Networks in
health-care systems |
Author (s): |
Rajendra Prasad and Polaiah Bojja |
Abstract: |
Rising medical expenses and increased life expectation impose big issues
for proper health care and monitoring. Wireless Body Bio-Sensor Networks
(WBBSNs), a set of tiny bio-sensor nodes attached within, on and/or
around the patient body, were placed to meet this requirement. Due to
patient body postural change, ultra short range radio links and random
RF attenuation lead to on-body topology disconnections occur, which
results more energy consumption and network lifetime is reduced. To
address these issues we proposed, an IM proved Reliable, Energy Aware
and Stable Topology (IM-REAST) protocol to maximize network stability
period and minimize energy consumed by bio-sensor nodes on-body topology
for WBBSNs. This algorithm applies the mixed mode communication between
bio-senor nodes and the sink, which employs a new forwarder function for
selection of forwarder node. This mixed mode communication reduces the
energy consumption of the network and maximizes the network lifetime.
This paper provides a comparison of three of the routing protocols,
SIMPLE, ATTEMPT and proposed. The comparison is performed at the 2.4 GHz
frequency (IEEE 802.15.4) on- body bio-sensor set-up. The proposed
protocol performances are compared in terms of stability of network,
residual energy, packet received at sink and path loss and simulation
results shows that performance of overall network is improved by 25% as
compared with SIMPLE and ATTEMPT protocols. |
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Title: |
Design the upper limb exoskeleton arm for
reinforcement the weakness in the human muscles |
Author (s): |
Duha Qais Abd-ul-Amir, Auns Qusai Hashim
and Abdulnasir Hussin Ameer |
Abstract: |
There
is a group of patients especially stroke and spinal cord injury that
suffering from loss of moving in a particular limb or have hemiplegia
needs continuously physiotherapy exercises in order to restore the
movement of the limb even a fraction. So, in this study, a device was
designed to perform the physical therapy for this group of patients in
order to rehabilitate the affected limb. This device called Exoskeleton.
The basic principles of the exoskeleton are its dependence on
electromyography signal; MyoWare sensor was used to measure surface
electromyography signal, this signal goes to the microcontroller which
in turn gives the order to the motor to move the actuator arm through a
Bowden cable. The exoskeleton is one degree of freedom performs the
flexion and extension of the elbow joint. After the design was
completed, the exoskeleton was examined on 4 normal persons and then
applied to 15 stroke patients and 4 spinal cord injury patients. After
several sessions of physiotherapy exercises, the results showed that the
benefit of the exoskeleton in strengthening the muscles as well as in
increasing the elbow range of motion and in this way the exoskeleton has
proven its possible to perform physiotherapy exercises, especially for
stroke patients. |
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Title: |
A study of several algorithms for
pseudo-random generator based on field programmable gate array (FPGA) |
Author (s): |
Mochamad Hafiddin Ruslih, Tito Waluyo
Purboyo and Anton Siswo Raharjo Ansori |
Abstract: |
The
Procedural Content Generator (PCG) is a program for game content that
uses a random number or pseudo number and value randomization process
that produces a variety of random and unexpected game spaces. Many of
the games use random number to increase the long duration of the game,
and some rely heavily on procedural content creation techniques as
makers of pseudo-random generator numbers (PRNG). The article discusses
the condition of pseudo-random in combined with algorithm or a composite
random number maker (CRNG). The aim is to develop and to improve the
basic concepts of pseudo itself and discuss various forms of popular
algorithms from random number makers and explain some new randomization
algorithms. We present a method of comparing algorithms from FPGA that
is needed for the implementation of PRNG and maximum operating systems.
The randomization algorithms can be used for cryptographic generation,
safely in stream ciphers. |
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Title: |
Scientific results of research of
vegetable crops drip and in-soil irrigation |
Author (s): |
A. S. Ovchinnikov, V. S. Bocharnikov, V.
V. Borodychev, O. V. Bocharnikova, M. P. Mecheryakov, S. D. Fomin and E.
S. Vorontsova |
Abstract: |
Scientific researches with studying of in-soil and drip irrigation
systems operation in production conditions on sweet pepper “Belozerka”
sort sowings were carried. Experimental production area with surface of
1 ha is located in the Northern part of the Volga-Akhtuba floodplain on
the right bank of the river Akhtuba. It has been obtained the maximum
yield of sweet pepper crop: in case of in-soil irrigation of 59.1 tons
per hectare and in case of drip irrigation - 66.2 tons per hectare in
our experiments with irrigation regime 80% of field moisture capacity
(FMC). It can be made a conclusion on the basis of performed researches,
that the most rational spread of irrigation water and maximum
productivity of sweet pepper crop plants ensure by maintaining of
pre-irrigation moisture degree at the level of 80% of FMC in case of
performing of in-soil watering with 269 m3/ha norm and drip watering
with 253 m3/ha norm in Volga-Akhtuba floodplain conditions. |
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Title: |
Enhance prediction of autism spectrum
disorder using adaptive Bayesian classifier |
Author (s): |
D. Umanandhini and G. Kalpana |
Abstract: |
Classification plays a major role in the medical field to predict
diseases. The prediction analyzes the relation between the expected
information and the available information. It’s the duty of the
classifier to make a classification in an efficient manner to predict
diseases accurately. Misclassification may lead to a high risk to the
individuals. In this paper, an adaptive Bayesian classifier is proposed
to efficiently classify the autism spectrum disorder among children,
where it is considered a serious and increasing medical problem among
the children. Autism spectrum disorder cannot be detected like other
diseases. The proposed classifier is designed to check the
classification accuracy based on the threshold value, when the result
did not meet the threshold value then the reclassification will be
preceded. Also, the proposed classifier is designed to check the hidden
patterns in the dataset to overcome the delay in classification. This
research work uses the benchmark performance metrics to evaluate its
performance. The result shows that the proposed classifier outperforms
the baseline classifier by giving the better classification accuracy in
low delay. |
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Title: |
Retrospective delay analysis in
construction projects of Iraq |
Author (s): |
Mohammed T. Almusawi and Kadhim R. Erzaij |
Abstract: |
Construction projects are commonly acknowledged as successful when it is
completed at the specific time, within budget, and according to the
specifications. The delay of projects has negative effects on the value
of the contract because it is related to the elements of the expensive
resources which often lead to claims or arbitration. However, the
projects that investigated in this study included construction of ten
hospitals with 400 beds in different cities of Iraq. A frequency,
severity and importance indexes were determined for 77 factors of delay
divided into ten categorizations according to the stages of the project,
The results showed that the weakness of technical offers of companies
nominated to assignment as a result of adopting the principle of the
lowest bid price in the government tendering and ineffective delay
penalties by the employer in addition to Poor planning and scheduling
the project by the contractor were the major causes that delayed the
projects in the middle and southern Iraq. |
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