A comparative review of soil modification methods

One of the major focuses of geotechnical engineering, foundation engineering and soil mechanics is to make the soil upon which every civil engineering project is founded more ideal and one that meets the requirements of every civil construction. This technique is known as soil stabilization or modification. The present review paper tries to bring to limelight that soil stabilization or soil modification methods and in essence compares the advantage of one over another. This will assist researchers and geotechnical engineers in making and choosing from the many stabilization methods based on materials available. From the foregoing, it has been established from previous geophysical studies over the years that mechanical stabilization technique of soil is the best soil stabilization method in Nigeria today because of its availability and affordability. Consequently, the present work advises constructors on the benefits of choosing mechanical stabilization method over the others.

Antony Ravindran. A and H. Mohd Abdul Kadar Prabhu

The aim of the study is to attempt the landslide prone zone in the, Ooty region, Tamilnadu, India. W-4 is the Multi Function Digital DC Resistivity IP/Meter, our latest all-purpose model equipped with the latest technologies. It features multiple functions, high accuracy, fast speed, high reliability and excellent expandability. It can function General resistivity /IP Sounding and Multi-Electrode 2D/3D resistivity imaging. The survey was carried out using multi electrodes and W-4 resistivity system with help of Wenner configuration. The aim of the survey is to identify the landslide prone zone. The study reveals that the investigation area is highly vulnerable to landslide which is evident from the from the low and high resistivity zone of the study area. The water body with loose sand is identified from low resistivity, highly weathered zone is indicate the charnockite and compact charnokite gives high resistivity zone in the study area. The use of 2D ERI technique is to distinguish the water bearing weathered zone, lithomorgic clay and weathered gneissic rock. The elevation survey conducted using total station. The study area soil and rock mass sliding toe slides, rock mass sliding in the studyarea due to high rainfall and seismic activity. The case study focuses in the palaeoslides and with the related upcoming landslides in the study area. The resistivity image obtained from the Res2DINV software is used for the prediction of landslide in Ooty area.

Status of water quality in the coal rich mui basin on Kitui county, Kenya

Mutemi Muthangya and David Samoei

The Kenyan population is growing at an alarming rate which has led to increase in demand for resources such as energy, food, and infrastructure. The discovery of coal in Mui Basin of Kitui County is so important in the realization of Kenya’s blue print vision 2030. Coal is a major source of energy, and is compost of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen, with lesser amounts of sulfur and Nitrogen. Despite the high expectation from coal, the extraction of coal and its subsequent use as a fuel source of energy comes with a myriad of challenges which among them are the emissions of sulphur oxides from combustion of sulphur in coal. This study aimed at assessing the physiochemical status of the underground water utilised for domestic purpose in the coal rich Mui basin block D. The results of the minerals content were below detectable limits with only Magnesium being in the range of 4.14-50.18 mg/l. Since coal is a major environmental pollutant from the exploration, mining as well as utilization, this study recommend the application of modern and clean coal technology in order to reduce the emission of poisonous material that pollute the water bodies and the environment in general.

Modelling the transportof streptococci on hetrogenious caorse sand influenced by porosity and permeability in coastal area of degema

Eluozo. S. N

Modeling the migration of streptococci in deltaic environment has been thorough developed, the model where base on the rate of contaminant sources from streptococci in the study area, the ugly siege has caused a lots of water related diseases in study area, the rate of concentration where found to be very high, and the formation characteristics where also found to influence the microbial species to deposit high concentration in shallow aquifers Water contamination in degema Niger delta of Nigeria is a serious threat to human settlement. Drinking water from natural sources such as rivers and streams are usually contaminated by macrobiotic substances from upstream users who use water for agricultural activities. The most common form of stream contamination connected with forestry activities is increased concentrations of soil particles washed into the stream by land disturbance, this include predominant saline deposition. The large particles sink to the bottom and increase the bed loads while, depending on the stream velocity, smaller particles remain in suspension. In several rivers, for example, studies have shown that the suspended matter can obstruct the penetration of light and limit the photosynthetic zone to less than 1 m depth. Suspended sediments in watercourses have become a serious concern for the water supply authorities this condition resulted to increased water treatment. The developed model will definitely reduce the transport of this type of microbial species in the study area.

Climate change is a phenomenon that is currently in dire need of a wide range of publicity and other measures in order to adapt and mitigate its effect on the society. This study examined the level of climate change awareness among the poor resource farmers in some selected local government areas of Oyo state. A well structured questionnaire titled "Climate Change Awareness Questionnaire (CCAQ)" was administered on a sample of 240 households. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistical tools such as frequency counts and percentage as well as cross table analysis. Findings indicated that the level of climate change awareness was generally low among the resource poor farmers.

Mathematical modeling to predict klebsiella pneumonae transport influenced by porosity and void ratio in shallow aquifers

Eluozo. S. N

Mathematical model to predict the transport of klebsiella pneumonae has been developed the transport of the type microbial species where found to be a serious threat to the settlers in the study location; the microbes are influenced by the soil structural deposition, including the activities of man, the condition has resulted a lots of death trap to in many ways, the influence from porosity and void ratio are one of the major causes a high concentration of  the contaminants in shallow aquifers, mathematical equation where develop considering all these  source of pollution as variable  in the  system, this variables form the derived equation that generated a model to predict these type of microbial species in shallow aquifers the rate of transport within a short period of time in shallow aquifers, were  influenced by the velocity of transport, this condition concludes that the soil marix is homogeneous in nature  resulting to high degree of porosity in the study location. Hydraulic conductivity of the soil is as a result of high degree of void ratio in the study area. The model developed will certainly predict the transport from this species of microbes in the study area, and reduce the threat of human life in the study location.

Downhole refraction survey was carried out in the Elem-Sangama area of River State, Niger Delta Basin. Data sets from 15 refraction points positioned at 4km grid intervals were processed and interpreted, and results show a 3-layer model for two consecutive points and 2-layer model for the other 13 refraction points. A correlation and analysis of observed lithological successions, velocities and depths of boundaries across the two refraction points suggest an irregularity caused by faulting along the true base of weathering as the possible origin of this event. The method of analysis and resolution for 3-layer models adopted in this study may be used in resolving such cases observed during refraction seismic surveys in the Niger Delta Basin.