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ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences                      December 2019  |  Vol. 14  No. 23
   
Title: Optical analysis of solar rays on Fresnel lenses coupled to parabolic cylindrical concentrator receiver
Author (s): Angelica Palacios, Dario Amaya and Olga Ramos
Abstract:

Fresnel lenses have been used as high concentration elements, in solar collection systems such as photovoltaic panels and collectors, to improve the optical and thermal efficiency; which in many cases don’t present a good thermal behavior, due to the climatic conditions of study site. Therefore, this work presents the analysis of the incident ray optics on concentration lenses, coupled to parabolic cylindrical collector receiver tube, in Bogotá city; in order to improve the thermal transfer phenomena of the capture system. For this purpose, we calculated different solar angles that influence the incident rays on the Earth's surface, such as azimuth, zenith and slope, as a basis for obtaining the incident angles in the lens and then the respective refractive angles when concentrate, towards the focal spot (receiver). Subsequently, parameters such as thickness, focal length and its relation to the concentration factor of the lens were analyzed in order to validate the characteristics of the lens. Finally, the effective radiation on the collector system, as well as the thermal behavior of both the fluid and the solid, was evaluated through computational dynamic simulation. The solar angles, incidents and refracted in the Fresnel lens in the range between 6:00 am and 4:00 pm hours, in each month are presented in this work; from this the efficiency of the lens at midday was 82.5%, and specifically on the wedge of this one, an efficiency of 96.3% was obtained. Temperatures higher than 200 °C were reached in the fluid circulating in the receiver.

   

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Title: Influence of injection timing on the performance and emissions of a dual fuel engine
Author (s): Wan Nurdiyana Wan Mansor, Samsuri Abdullah, Aima Ramli, Noorlin Mohamad, Marzuki Ismail and Daniel B. Olsen
Abstract:

In this work, a 6.8L John Deere 6068H compression ignition engine is coupled with an aftermarket dual fuel kit and converted to dual fuel engine. This dual fuel kit enables the diesel engine to run on diesel and gaseous fuels. The engine is a six-cylinder turbocharged after cooled four-stroke cycle diesel engine. The engine has a maximum power output of 205kW at 2400rpm and the compression ratio is 17:1. The experiment is conducted to investigate the effect of injection timing variations on the combustion and emissions in dual fuel engine. The dual fuel engine is tested through five different load points while the speed is maintained constant at 1800rpm. The gaseous fuel used is natural gas and the performance characteristics are compared with baseline dual fuel engine with nominal injection timing. The dual fuel engine has a nominal injection timing of 6.5° before top dead center (BTDC) at 12, 25, 50 and 75% loads and 4.8° BTDC at 100% load. The injection timings are then varied between 0° to 16° BTDC. Data for combustion duration, ignition delay, peak pressure, combustion stability, nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxides (CO) and total hydrocarbon emissions are presented. Results showed that by advancing the timing away from the nominal start of injection (SOI) timing, useful power is increased over 70%. The combustion stability is also increased with these advancements. Whereas, the ignition delay and flame propagation does not show any improvement as the ignition starts or earlier than the nominal timing. Hydrocarbons and CO emissions are reduced over 30% at advanced SOI at intermediate BMEP, however NOx emission increases at advanced injection timings with over 30% increment at all BMEPs.

   

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Title: Finite Fourier sine integral transform method for the elastic buckling analysis of doubly-symmetric thin-walled beams with Dirichlet boundary conditions
Author (s): Onyedikachi Aloysius Oguaghamba, Charles Chinwuba Ike, Edwin Uchechukwu Ikwueze and Iheanyichukwu O. Ofondu
Abstract:

The finite Fourier sine transform method was used in this work to solve the elastic buckling problem of thin-walled beams for the case of pinned ends, and uniform moments applied at the ends. The problem is a boundary value problem given by a fourth order ordinary differential equation and Dirichlet boundary conditions at the pinned ends. The Dirichlet boundary conditions at the pinned ends make the finite Fourier sine transform method ideally suited for the solution. The transformation of the governing domain equation converted the problem to an algebraic eigen-value problem. The condition for nontrivial solution was used to obtain the characteristic buckling equation as a fourth degree polynomial. The eigen-values of the characteristic buckling equation were used to obtain the n buckling moments. The critical buckling moment was found to correspond to the first buckling mode. The expressions obtained for the n buckling modes and the critical buckling moment were identical to those by other researchers who used other methods of analysis.

   

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Title: Various techniques to evaluate carbonaceous source rock as an unconventional gas reservoir
Author (s): Maqsood Ahmad, Ou Kuan Ee, Asif Zamir and Zia Ud Din
Abstract:

Organic geochemical data of 17 outcrops which were collected in underground mines of Jammu regions of Northwest Himalaya, India was obtained from a published research paper (Mani et al., 2014) in order to study the potential of source rock as an unconventional gas reservoir. The data was obtained by using TOC/Rock-Eval pyrolysis and vitrinite reflectance. Even though TOC/Rock-Eval pyrolysis is the most basic technique used in source rock evaluation, however, these techniques are quite strange for a beginner who has no experience in conducting pyrolysis. Hence, this project involved a case study to learn the techniques to evaluate source rock by using data obtained from various techniques. TOC/Rock-Eval pyrolysis data shows that the total organic carbon (TOC W%) of Eocene Subathu shales ranged from 2.42 to 30.4%. High TOC value showing that Eocene Subathu shales are good quality source rock with high organic content. Besides that, the values of free hydrocarbon in the source rock (S1) and those hydrocarbon generating through thermal cracking (S2) also observed to be high (S1 ranged from 0.1 to 2.66 and S2 ranged from 0.51 to 15.54 mg HC/g rock). In terms of thermal maturity, the value of Tmax obtained from Rock-Eval pyrolysis observed to be high (Tmax> 4500C for all samples) and vitrinite reflectance also showing a high Ro value (Ro>1.5%) indicates that Eocene Subathu shales are post-mature source rock falls at a dry gas stage. According to HI and OI correlation, organic matter in Eocene Subathu shales showing characteristics of an over-mature gas prone Type III kerogen with fair to excellence gas generating potential.

   

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Title: Modeling of a beam foundation using an improved Winkler theory and Maxima (GNU)
Author (s): Myriam Rocio Pallares M., Daniel Sabogal Perdomo and Rodrigo Rojas Cortes
Abstract:

A local analysis of a foundation, based on Winkler's theory, was performed, in which a foundation line is idealized as a beam supported on uniformly distributed elastic supports. The deformability of the soil is represented by deformable supports idealized as displacement springs, and its stiffness constants depend on both the ground and the foundation used. A method was implemented in which the foundation is idealized as a beam, but unlike the Winkler Theory, the separation (loss of contact) between the ground and the foundation was allowed when normal tensile forces on the foundation were developed, and the interaction of the soil laterally (interaction between the springs) was added. These analyzes were proposed by means of matrix stiffness methods using the formulation of the beam-column element and considerations of the Winkler and Akin theory, implementing a case study in Maxima (GNU) which is contrasted with models performed in the finite element software, SAP2000 and Ansys, to validate the results. Finally, the results were compared, and the percentage change was established to conclude that it is possible to perform a realistic model of the structural problem of a foundation on elastic basis using matrix stiffness methods based on the beam-column element and the interaction of contact between the two elastic elements.

   

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Title: Irrigation of spinach plant with RO desalinated sea water
Author (s): Sh. El Rafie, Elaila H. I. and M. S. Shalaby
Abstract:

An approach for recovery of used seawater after reaction of magnesium metal with citric acid for hydrogen gas production and precipitation of magnesium as magnesium gluconate, the water left is desalinated by reverse-osmosis technique. A spiral wound RO commercial membrane module was used in prototype unit. Different concentrations of remediated seawater were mixed to form required water salinities for spinach irrigation to be applied in rural areas where there is no other water supply. Results of irrigation showed that addition of 1000 ppm, 650 ppm, 350 ppm almost gave the best treatments with fresh, dry, weight and NPK as compared with 150 and 200 ml.

   

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Title: Solving the stochastic point-kinetic equations using Milstein’s method from the Itô Lemma
Author (s): Daniel Suescun-Diaz, Daniel E. Cedeno-Giron and Freddy Humberto Escobar
Abstract:

In this work we deduce Milstein’s iterative scheme of Itô-Taylor expansion from the Itô Lemma. This scheme allows solving numerically stochastic differential equations. Particularly, we apply this scheme to the stochastic point kinetics model, which is more adequate to describe the stochastic behavior of the neutron population inside a nuclear reactor. The results are obtained using numerical experiments using MATLAB, considering one and six groups of neutron precursors with constant reactivities, different time steps, initial conditions and Wiener processes. These results are compared with values reported on the literature and with the deterministic point kinetic model. With the comparison we show that the Milstein model is efficient in the numerical solution to the stochastic point kinetic equation.

   

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Title: Lateral load behavior of light gauge steel section enchased with light weight concrete frame
Author (s): Sai Anuroop Y. and Syed Abdul Rahaman
Abstract:

This project is aimed to reduce the conventional properties by including palm kernel shell, light gauge steel sections. Cold-formed steel has been widely used in modern day construction industry. The property of the cold-formed steel makes it economic and feasible. Cold-Formed Steel Column has provided its usefulness in the structural applications of the constructions like individual structural framing members and panel decks. The advantage of cold rolled steel is that it can be utilized for the production of elements with required shape to length of required dimensions. High strength to weight proportion is accomplished in cool rolled items. In my study, analysis of composite frame 2 storey, single bay. ANSYS software is used for modelling and analysis of composite frame. The analysis and result in terms of stress, strain and displacement with respect of time and ductility.

   

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Title: Sponge iron plant feasibility study in Kalimantan, Indonesia
Author (s): Nurhadi Wibowo, Rahmat Nurcahyo and Djoko Sihono Gabriel
Abstract:

The abundance of mineral resources in Indonesia especially iron ore and the regulations supporting mineral and coal mining to producer search that aims to estimate the feasibility of an investment and the cost of investment development of iron ore pellets processing industry in Indonesia, to evaluate the feasibility of various analysis consists of market analysis, technical analysis, organizational analysis, and financial analysis. This study analyzed the risk of financial investments and taking into account the financial resources and ability to repay the cost of principal and payment of interest on the loan from the bank with an interest rate of14%. Capital budgeting calculations were done, resulting NPV IDR84, 589, 784, 996 and IRR39, 18% making investment development of iron ore pellets processing industry can be said to be feasible because the IRR is above the MARR value that is equal to20%. Sensitivity analysis showed that the factors that affect the investment are the selling price of raw materials and finished product supporter and a price that will be sold to the market.

   

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Title: Digital image-in-image watermarking for copyright protection and authentication
Author (s): K. Butchi Raju and Chinta Someswara Rao
Abstract:

The internet is an outstanding distribution and sales channel for digital assets, but copyright compliance and content management can be a challenge. If you distribute electronic images, be it online or CDs and other portable media, you are risking digital piracy. These days, digital images can be utilized - with or without consent everywhere. For the consent of the person's authentication and copyright, in this paper a digital image watermarking is proposed. The suggested digital watermarking is a method which allows a person to add invisible copyright images or notices or text messages to image and documents. In this paper, a invisible watermarking is proposed for authentication and copyright protection. This mechanism calculates the checksum for watermark and embedded within the original image at random pixels. This mechanism does not disturb the original image quality and key factors. So that intruder or unauthorized person does not identifying hiding information. From the results of the experiment, it is also observed that proposed method not only produces the quality watermarked images but also produces the quality check sum that will used for authentication.

   

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Title: Development of vehicle ignition using fingerprint
Author (s): Jamil Abedalrahim Jamil Alsayaydeh, Win Adiyansyah Indra, Adam Wong Yoon Khang, Vadym Shkarupylo and Dhanigaletchmi A. P. P. Jkatisan
Abstract:

This paper is about building a prototype of vehicle ignition using fingerprint sensor. This system can prevent the vehicles from being stolen. It is developed to control the ignition of the vehicle through the fingerprint scanner. This system consists of GSM SIM 900 that connects to the Arduino which is the microcontroller of the project. To make sure the system is secure, only authorized fingerprint is paired with the Arduino to start the ignition. Vehicles ignite when the enrolled fingerprint is matched against the fingerprints in the database while users with no match in the database are prevent from igniting the vehicle. A theft alarm from buzzer, a notification to the owner’s mobile phone via GSM SIM 900 and status display in the LCD are the appropriate signal to the owner. This article describes briefly in detail about the design and implementation of the ignition system.

   

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Title: Comparison of soil classifications between residual soil, granitic and sedimentary residual soils in Northern Malaysia
Author (s): Damanhuri Jamalludin, Masyitah Md Nujid, Azura Ahmad, Zulfairul Zakariah and Fauziah Ahmad

Abstract:

A total 285 disturbed soil samples in residual soil were collected from 10 stable slopes and 29 slope failures in Penang and Baling. A total of 151 disturbed soil samples were taken from the granitic residual soil in Penang while another 134 disturbed soil samples were obtained for the sedimentary residual soil in Baling. To determine the soil classifications, sieve and hydrometer tests were conducted on the disturbed soil samples. The objective of this research is to determine soil types existed in residual soil, granitic and sedimentary residual soils taken from the stable slopes and the slope failures especially in the residual soil, granitic and sedimentary residual soils in the Northern Malaysia. The aims of this research are also to check the distribution types and to determine the mean values of the percentages of gravel, sand, silt and clay of the residual soil, granitic and sedimentary residual soils in the Northern Malaysia. Normal distributions were found not to be the best fit distributions for the variations of the percentages of gravel, sand, silt and clay the three residual soils taken in the Northern Malaysia. The ranges of the percentages of gravel, sand, silt and clay for the all residual soils found in this study were very close or within the ranges that were found by the earlier researchers.

   

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Title: Tropospheric ozone variability over Iraq as observed using remotely sensed data
Author (s): Ali M. Al-Salihi, Assad Q. Saleh and Zainab Q. Salih
Abstract:

This study explored the use of satellite data to monitor tropospheric ozone (O3) mixing ratio at 925 hpa over Iraq. The ozone monthly data acquired by Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) on board Aqua Satellite mission, during the year 2017-18 were employed. Seasonal and monthly variations of the O3 distribution were investigated and compared using the results of the spatiotemporal analysis for four main Iraq cities (Mosul, Rutba, Baghdad and Basra). The O3 monthly distribution shows important spatiotemporal variation values over study area, with a maximum in spring and summer season, and minimum in fall and winter season. Ozone average and standard deviation values during entire observation period was (41.98±1.18) ppbv, where the northern regions have the maximum values range between (51.35-51.75) ppbv in April and May at Mosul, and the minimum values were found during December over all Iraq area especially over middle and southern regions (31.67-32.22) ppbv in Baghdad and Basra respectively, due to various meteorological processes and transport of pollutants to Iraq regions. Consequently, the study information can be useful for monitoring O3 emission over Iraq.

   

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Title: Inherent characteristics of spurious oscillation in the solution of scalar convection-dominated problem
Author (s): Aslam Abdullah
Abstract:

Various cases of scalar convection-dominated equation have been investigated by lots of researchers not only for its applications in many engineering problems, but also as test cases to improve the understanding in the other two aspects; firstly, in the testing of a numerical scheme, and secondly, in the analysis of numerical issues in the solution itself. In this paper, we consider the last aspect. In particular, we investigate the cases involving different Dirichlet boundary conditions when the scalar convection-dominated flow is steady, as well as transient flow. Such investigation focuses on spurious oscillation in the solution of the equation. The oscillation is first modelled by means of Fourier series. Then we take a closer look into the oscillation’s characteristics in each individual case. We show that some of the characteristics is inherent in each case. The criteria to avoid such oscillation is verified against the solution itself, and some apparent anomalies are identified.

   

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Title: Base thickness optimization of a vertical series junction Silicon solar cell under magnetic field by the concept of back surface recombination velocity of minority carrier
Author (s): Gora Diop, Hamet Yoro Ba, Ndeye Thiam, Youssou Traore, Babou Dione, Mamour B. A., Pape Diop, Masse Samba Diop and Oulimata Mballoand Gregoire Sissoko
Abstract:

In this work, a method to determine the optimum thickness of a vertical series junction silicon solar cell by the intersection of back surface recombination velocities is proposed. The vertical series junction Silicon solar cell is studied under magnetic field inducing the diffusion coefficient D (B). The optimum base thickness is obtained by intersection of two back surface recombination velocities curves whose the expressions are function base thickness and magnetic field.

   

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Title: Development of a Machine Vision system for quality control of fruits
Author (s): Aaron Don M. Africa, Emmanuel C. Del Rosario, Joshua Vincent G. Legal and Raine Mattheus C. Manuel
Abstract:

The study aims to produce a theoretical design of a Machine Vision system. The system will be capable of looking for and identifying fruits, especially oranges, that are about to spoil. The system will make use of image processing to identify oranges and determine whether they are about to go bad. The system will serve as quality control that can be utilized by manufacturers and suppliers. The system is designed to be accurate, reliable and consistent as opposed to the human eye which is more susceptible to errors. The process of the system is as follows: the input of the images of fruits to the system, the identification of the orange using edge detection, the identification of dark spots, molds or skin peeling off the orange, and the identification that the orange is no longer qualified produce. The process that the system follows ensures the capability of the system to check for oranges that are about to go bad.

   

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Title: Orthopedic Calf Cast using anti oxidative FS3200PA Nylon 3D printing: Design and optimization
Author (s): Mohamed Saiful Firdaus Hussin, Mohammad Rafi Omar, Khairul Azri Azlan, Arman Hadi Azahar, Zulkefli Ismail and Fatin Farhana Rosli
Abstract:

Current cast design such as heavy plaster cast come up with many disadvantages to patient like discomfort and itchy skin. Most of the hospitals in Malaysia are still using traditional custom made cast which is made by paris and mold that cannot be recycled. The objectives of this project were to design custom fit orthopedic cast and to optimize the weight of cast that used material of FS3200PA Nylon powder that has generally good anti-oxidative properties and not harmful to health. Computer Aided Design (CAD) software and Finite Element Analysis (FEA) computer software were used to design and optimize the shape and geometry of calf cast. T-Scan LV system is used for scanning process. The load applied for simulation are 981 N, 784.8 N, and 588.6 and the thickness varies between 1 mm, 2 mm and 3 mm. Safety factor of 1.0 = s.f = 3.0 is considered in selecting the acceptable combination. Fabrication of the cast had been made by used the Farsoon SS 402P laser sintering system. Through optimization and analysis, three combination of the models are proven to be a safe-to-use model.

   

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Title: Efficient spatial data management by Apache Spark
Author (s): R. Shiva Shankar, V. Priyadarshini, J. Raghaveni and Ch. Vinod Varma
Abstract:

Nowadays one of the biggest concerns on different organizations around the digital world being generate enormous data at high velocity, which increase extremely over the last few decades. A more constantly witnessed almost 90% of the world data has been drastically produced from last decade. Today’s modern world significantly depends on big data tool such as apache spark as the de facto framework are being able to establish several solutions for the process and analyze enormous structured and unstructured data sets, even though still lack about complete support especially for spatial data analysis. Therefore this work focus an extremely high-overall performance on temporal spatial data corresponding programming framework is designated for its extensibility and high performance to mixed together on big data innovations since which is essential to deal mostly with the rapidly growing spatial information. In this paper, we discuss the impact of one of the known solutions is apache spark, one of extremely fast streaming framework at all for massive-large scale data management, then we really describe an advanced strategy to processing massive spatial information. We also explore the spatial data framework integrate with Resilient Distributed Datasets (RDD) geometric data framework which is specially-designed regarding in-memory distributed and parallel computing framework to extremely support various iterative algorithms.

   

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Title: Stairway control of buck power supplies in parallel configuration
Author (s): Elmer R. Magsino
Abstract:

Power supplies are configured in parallel to provide higher current demand to the load, while achieving modularity by using low-power power converter modules. However, in some cases, redundancy of power converters is installed to provide safety in case of overload and breakdown of a module. In such case, the wear and tear of all modules vary depending on what the load side present. We present in this work a basic control for ensuring that power module utilization is approximately equal for all modules in the parallel configuration. Our proposed control methodology turns ON/OFF a module based on the current load scenario. By switching the utilization of these modules, our control can display a stairway waveform while regulating the output voltage and supplying the necessary current. We demonstrate our control structure through simulations of various static and dynamic loading conditions, while considering error in current sharing of working power modules.

   

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Title: Numerical analysis of novel tip shapes in a turbine cascade
Author (s): Sarath R. S. and Sijin D.
Abstract:

The work aims at analyzing the blade tip modification effects in a gas turbine flow. The high losses associated with turbine flows will drastically influence the performance parameters of gas turbines. A small amount of loss reduction will bring about greater efficiency and higher cost reduction in gas turbine industries. In the present work, tip modifications in the form of plane tip, double side squealer tip and pressure side squealer tip were numerically analyzed. The analysis was done using the commercial software ANSYS 14. Three tip clearance cases was analyzed and compared in the present study. The results showed that tip modifications reduced the aerodynamic losses considerably. The modified blade geometries can be considered as a potential candidate in gas turbine industry which can bring about greater loss reduction in blade tip areas.

   

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