Comparative study of nano and RO membrane for sodium sulphate recovery from industrial waste water

R. S. Gawaad, S. K. Sharma and S. S. Sambi

A large amount of non-biodegradable inorganic salts having low to high potential of hazards is discharged every year in water bodies by various industrial activities. The salts hazardous depend on nature and their concentration in water. Sodium sulfate is one of them. Although the sulfate’s health effect is relatively short-term, it is acute (diarrhea) and a substantial decrease of sulfate content in drinking water is recommendable. It is mainly discharged in to water bodies via commodity product like detergent or via industrial activity manufacturing Kraft paper, glass, sodium salts, ceramic glazes, pharmaceuticals, processing textile fibers dyes, Aluminium silicate, rayon etc. These industries requires substantially large amount of process water. This could be met by reusing water as for as possible. Evaporation and crystallization are the most preferred techniques for separation of sodium sulphate but becomes uneconomical when salts concentration is low specially in industrial waste water. In the present work performance of two commercial CSM membranes model NE-1812-70(nano membrane) and model RE 1812-50(reverse osmosis membrane) were evaluated for concentrating the waste water stream to recover water and sodium sulphate for reuse. The results show that NE-1812-70 membrane gives higher water recovery compared to RE 1812-50 at same conditions. Also it was found that by using NE-1812-70 membrane waste aqueous stream could be concentrated up to 14.1% compared to 9.29% by RE 1812-50 at pressure of 25bar.

Investigation of low velocity impact response of aluminium honeycomb sandwich panels

Ramesh S. Sharma, V. P. Raghupathy, Priyamvada G. M., Abhishek A. and Abhiraj M.

Low velocity impact response of aluminium honeycomb core sandwich panels have been investigated by varying core height using a flat impactor of 25 x 25mm. The impact energy levels were varied from 6.32J to 49.72J and energy absorbed, peak load developed and maximum penetration were recorded for each test specimen. Quasi-static tests on aluminium facing sandwich panels of the same dimension (150 x 150mm) and boundary conditions as impact test using flat indenter of 25 x 25mm were conducted in order to co-relate these results with impact tests. A variation in core height of aluminium honeycomb core does not show any significant change in energy absorbing capacity of the sandwich panels. It is observed that an increase in core height increases the time taken to reach peak energy which is desirable for many applications like automobile bumper. Quasi-static test and impact test were co-related using impact factor in the linear elastic region.

Adsorption isotherms, kinetics, thermodynamics and desorption studies of reactive orange 16 on activated carbon derived from Ananas comosus (L) carbon

Parimalam ramachandran, Raj vairamuthu and Sivakumar ponnusamy

The study describes the results of batch experiments on removal of reactive orange16 from aqueous solution onto activated carbon prepared from Ananas Comosus leaves. The adsorbent has been studied as a function of contact time, temperature, pH and initial dye concentration by batch experiments. pH 2-3 was found suitable for maximum removal of RO16. A dye adsorption capacity of activated carbon for the RO16 is 147.05 mg/g adsorbent. Langmuir, Freundlich, Tempkin, Dubinin-Raduskevich isotherm models were applied for the analysis of isotherm data. Thermodynamic treatment of adsorption data showed an exothermic nature of adsorption. The dye uptake process was found to follow second order kinetics.

Comparative studies of different control strategies for shunt active filter

M. Chakravarthy, P. M. Sarma and S. N. Saxena

Shunt Active power filter reduces the harmonics by injecting a current into the system proportional to the reference signal. Various strategies for effecting this are studied and compared. It is shown that PID control scheme yields better results.

A comparative study between friction stir welding and metal inert gas welding of 2024-t4 aluminum alloy

Haitham Kassim Mohammed

Abstract:

In this paper, the mechanical properties of welded joints of 2024-T4 aluminum alloy obtained using friction stir welding (FSW) with four rotation speed (450,560,710 and 900 rpm) and conventional metal inert gas welding (MIG) are studied. FSW welds were carried out on a milling machine. The performance of FSW and MIG welded joints were identified using tensile, hardness, and microstructure. Properties FSW and MIG processes were also compared with each other to understand the advantages and disadvantages of the processes for welding applications of the Al alloy. Better tensile strength was obtained with FSW welded joints. The width of the heat affected zone of FSW was narrower than MIG welded joints. The results show that FSW improves the mechanical properties of welded joints.

Flexural strengthening of reinforced concrete beams using fibre reinforced polymer laminate: A review

Murali G. and Pannirselvam N.

Abstract:

Several researches have been carried out on reinforced concrete beams strengthened with fibre reinforced polymer composites. A few works has been focused on strengthening of rectangular beams with different type and different thicknesses of fibre reinforced polymer. This paper reviews 12 articles on fibre reinforced polymer strengthened reinforced concrete beams. Finally, this paper attempts to address an important practical issue that is encountered in strengthening of beams with different type and different thicknesses of fibre reinforced polymer laminate. This paper also proposes a simple method of applying fibre reinforced polymer for strengthening the beam with different fibre reinforced polymer types with different thicknesses.

Analysis of the drug crystals discovered by police 23 September 2008 to 20 March 2009 in Arak

Drug abuse is an important social, medical and legal issue which needs special attention by practioner and policy makers. Recently, an illicit drug called "SHISHEH" has been distributed among drug abusers in Marakazi province with some dreamlike after-use effects. In the present study, it is tried to shed some light on active ingredient of this illicit drug. Our study is an observational descriptive cross sectional study. All cases of illicit drug detection by police under the street name of “SHISHE” referred laboratory of Arak legal medicine center. In sum, 54 samples were sent to the laboratory since 23 September 2008 to 20 March 2009 .Samples was analyzed by TLC (Thin Layer Chromatography) and HPLC (High Performance Gas Chromatography). These methods resulted in detection of relatively high percentage of amphetamine and methamphetamine in all 54 analyzed samples (> 97%). The amount of methamphetamine was also more than Amphetamine in samples but the difference was not statistically important. So, more training and awareness about its effects and dangers for teens and community population are critical.

Design and analysis of hybrid wave pipelined phase accumulator for direct digital synthesizer

Menakadevi T. and Madheswaran M.

Abstract:

A Hybrid Wave Pipelining Phase Accumulator for Direct Digital Synthesizer is presented in this paper.  Conventional Pipelining requires additional registers and it results in more area, power dissipation and clock routing complexity. Wave-pipelining does not have any of these disadvantages and it can be used to speed up the circuits without insertion of storage elements. The clock period in conventional pipeline scheme is proportional to the maximum delay while in hybrid wave-pipelining it is proportional to the maximum delay difference. To prove the better performance of the Hybrid wave pipelining Phase Accumulator DDS architecture compared it favorably with several existing DDS architecture. The focus of this paper is on design and analysis of hybrid wave pipelining Phase Accumulator DDS, using XilinxISE9.2i.

A novel technique for the location of fault on a HVDC transmission line

A. Swetha, P. Krishna Murthy, N. Sujatha and Y. Kiran

Abstract:

This paper presents mathematical morphology applications to asses the performance of High Voltage Direct Current system. The satisfactory performance of this system is one of the necessary conditions to obtain uninterrupted power supply as it is transmitting bulk power over a long distance. In this paper a 300 kM long HVDC system is simulated for various faults on the DC line and a technique to locate the faults on the DC line is proposed. The simulated results presented in this paper are in good agreement with the published work.

Green design performance of Malaysian building projects- A descriptive study

Mohamed S. Abd. Elforgani and Ismail Bin Rahmat

Abstract:

The aim of this study was to investigate whether the Malaysian current building projects are considered as “Green Designs”. To achieve this aim a questionnaire survey was conducted. A sample of 274 respondents is covered, which included architects and engineers in the building design and consultancy sectors. WINSTEPS software is used in Rasch modeling to determine the validity and reliability of the data. Descriptive data analysis (quantitative and qualitative) is done. The results reveal that design green building performance, in general, energy efficiency, and indoor air quality requirements are considered moderate. The majority of the designed buildings are with low utilization of recycled and reused materials. Moreover, high utilization of regional materials, low consideration to water efficiency requirements and environmental innovations are also moderate. Design team attributes are the key factors to improve green design performance. Client quality play major role to enhance design team attributes. Therefore, effective Design team attributes and client’s qualities may increase performance of the design green building performance in order to enhance building performance and reduce building impact on environment.

A host-commensal eco-system with host harvesting at a constant rate and mortality rate for the commensal

N. Seshagiri Rao, K. Kalyani and N. Ch. Pattabhi Ramacharyulu

Abstract:

This paper deals with a commensal-host ecological model with the host being harvested at a constant rate. Further, both the commensal and the host species are with limited resources. The Mathematical equations of the Model are characterized by a couple of first order non-linear ordinary differential equations. All the possible, six equilibrium points for the model are identified. Analytical solutions for the linearized perturbed equations are found and results are illustrated. Further, some threshold results are stated followed by the identification of threshold regions through illustrations. Criteria for global stability of linearized equations are discussed employing a property constructed Liapunov’s function.

Analysis of timoshenko beam resting on nonlinear compressional and frictional Winkler foundation

Adel A. Al-Azzawi

Abstract:

This paper deals with linear elastic behavior of deep beams resting on linear and nonlinear Winkler type elastic foundations with both compress ional and tangential resistances. The basic or governing equations of beams on nonlinear elastic Winkler foundation are solved by finite difference method. The finite element method in Cartesian coordinates is formulated using two dimensional plane stress isoparametric finite elements to model the deep beam and elastic springs to model the foundation. Two computer programs coded in Fortran_77 for the analysis of beams on nonlinear elastic foundations are developed. Comparisons between the two methods and other studies are performed to check the accuracy of the solutions. Good agreement was found between the solutions with percentage difference of 3%. Several important parameters are incorporated in the analysis, namely, the vertical subgrade reaction, horizontal subgrade reaction and beam depth to trace their effects on deflections, bending moments and shear forces.

Effect of needle punched nonwoven coir and jute geotextiles on CBR strength of soft subgrade

P. Senthil Kumar and S. Pandiammal Devi

Abstract:

This paper deals with an experimental study on the utilization of the needle punched nonwoven geotextiles made of coir and jute fibers, for unpaved roads over soft subgrade, otherwise undergoes large deformation. Since the CBR reinforcement ratio is used for the design of unpaved road, the CBR reinforcement ratio value of the geotextile-sub grade is obtained by conducting CBR test with the geotextile, to study the effect of the natural geotextiles on the soft sub grade. The CBR strength using both the nonwoven geotextiles is improved, whereas jute geotextile performs better.

Numerical analysis of combined heat transfer in the laminar boundary layer

Ahmed F. Khudheyer and Mohammed K. Aldeen

Abstract:

The effects of thermal radiation upon the laminar flow of an absorbing, emitting, scattering gray fluid over an adiabatic flat plate are investigated. The combined radiation and forced convection in the boundary layer leads to a set of partial and integro-differential equations. In this work, three governing equations are setting as partial differential equations. A finite difference scheme is used to transform the resulting equations into an ordinary differential equation system which is solved numerically. Results for the temperature profiles across the boundary layer and the recovery factor along the flat plate are presented. Comparison of these results with exact solutions shows that the two flux model is simpler and accurate enough to treat the interaction of the thermal radiation with the laminar boundary layer.

Analysis of strength and corrosion resistance behavior of inhibitors in concrete containing quarry dust as fine aggregate

M. Devi and K. Kannan

Abstract:

The demand for natural sand in the construction industry has consecutively increased resulting in the reduction of sources and an increase in price. Thus, an increased need to identify a suitable substitute that is eco- friendly and  inexpensive has emerged, which boosted the usage of quarry dust as fine aggregate in concrete. Most of the studies on the usage of quarry dust as hundred percent substitute were carried out to judge the properties of fresh concrete and strength properties. In this paper, an experimental study dealing with the strength and corrosion resistance behavior of various integral type corrosion inhibitors namely Triethanolamine, Diethanolamine, Diethylamine, Calcium Nitrite and Sodium Nitrate at the dosage of 1%, 2%, 3% and 4% by weight of cement in concrete containing quarry dust as fine aggregate is carried out. Integral inhibitors are liquids or solids that are batched and mixed with the other concrete ingredients as a preventive measure for new construction or repair work. The influence of these inhibitors was evaluated using various electrochemical techniques such as Rapid Chloride Penetration Test (RCPT), Accelerated corrosion test, A. C. impedance measurement and Gravimetric weight loss measurement. The mechanical properties such as compressive strength, flexural strength, spilt tensile strength and bond strength in addition to water absorption were also studied and the optimum dosage of inhibitors was determined individually. Results herein revealed that replacement of sand by quarry dust increases the strength of the concrete; with addition of inhibitor it offers lower permeability and greater density which enable it to provide better resistance to corrosion and durability in adverse environment.

Control system design of guided missile

Mohammed Khair Aldeen Abbas, Muhammad A. R. Yass and Ismail Ibrahim Shabib

Abstract:

In the present work the analytical performance of dynamic motion and transfer function calculated in roll mode of flying body. The analysis of the control circuit done by using four method, Routh Criterion to determine whether the system stable or not, Root-Locus method used to determine the limitation of the stability for different value of rate gyro (0.1 to 0.3) and different value of gain (1 to 10), Frequency Response method used to find best transfer function which have shortest time setting and less amount of overshoot and last method used the compromising method which was done first with aileron deflection to determine the limited value of gain, secondly with capability actuator swelling rate. Final transfer function selected was with rate of gyro equal to 0.3 and gain equal to 8 for best steady state behavior. The method above perfect solution for flying body control system in all modes and gives an excellent result.

A portable bucket milking machine for water buffaloes and cows: Development, performance evaluation and commercialization

Jandool Khan and M. Azhar Saeed

Abstract:

In Pakistan, there is acute shortage of trained milk men (milk operators). Some of the progressive and large dairy farmers have installed mechanical milking systems for milking their cows but these are based on old and imported technologies. No indigenous mechanical milking system is available in the country. There was a need to develop indigenous mechanical milking systems for milking water buffaloes and cows. Agricultural and Biological Engineering Institute (ABEI), Islamabad initiated the development of milking machine for water buffaloes and cows. An agreement was signed with a collaborative manufacturer M/s Al-Madina Engineering and Dairy Equipment, Okara for manufacturing of this machine. ABEI engineers provided technical assistance during manufacturing and testing of the machine. The design parameters of the machine were prepared. The first prototype unit could not be succeeded. The second prototype unit worked well and gave encouraging results. The machine was tested on water buffaloes and cows at a dairy farm in Okara. The vacuum level (pressure) 46-48 kPa gave maximum average milk yield 0.807 liters/minute for single cluster. For an average size teat of buffalo, a 25 mm dia. liner size worked well. The cost calculated for machine and manual milking of buffaloes was Rs. 0.50 per liter and Rs. 0.20 per liter, respectively. The machine milking seemed to be more expensive compared with hand milking as the initial cost of the machine was too high i.e., around Rs. 120,000.00. The machine was demonstrated at the Livestock Research Station, NARC, Islamabad to the local dairy farmers and other end users.