ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences                         ISSN 1819-6608
   
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ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences                    May 2014 | Vol. 9  No. 5
   
Title:

Modeling of Kevlar - Al alloys and finite element simulation of mechanical properties

Author (s):

Thiyagarajan K., Martin L., N. Elayaraja and P. Sivaprakasam

Abstract:

In the field of defense and other highly secure places lot of impact are formed, at the time of the war lot of injuries are occurred due to the impact of the bullet and the gun shots. When Kevlar material is used as a Body Armor for the defense purpose and for the safety purpose at the time of the war enclosure, the problem facing here is when the impact is applied at a point the material deformation occurs and at a particular point and the deflection will be very high so that the human who is wearing the Kevlar as the body proof experience a heavy pain in the Armor. The Armor consists of Kevlar-Al alloys, these are the fibres present and the polymers are the resins and they combinely constitute Polymer Composites. Polymer Composites are formed as random or anisotropic fibre dispersions sheets with long fibres or woven fabrics. During the initial stage we investigated a bullet proof vest with various materials involved in it and several compositions of materials has been developed, but the major drawback here is when the deformation occurs it is creating only a point load here and the man who wears this armor feels the pain here. To overcome this, we model the polymeric fibre composites and finite element simulations of mechanical properties are experimented. Typical characterization and mechanical performance tests are available to investigate and optimize the composites. Finite element analysis (FEA) enables a theoretical approach to understanding of the structure-property relationships and confirmation of interpretation of measured properties. A displacement field is suited to identifying and quantifying stress intensities in local regions of the composite to determine parameters critical to the performance of the composites. A tensile stress gives a uniform deformation field that must be efficiently transferred to the fibers, creating stress concentrations at the fiber-matrix interfaces. This paper reviews the application of FEA to various composite types, stress situations and failure mechanisms. The FEA model design and simulation method are evaluated and compared.

 
 
 
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Title:

Design and simulation of bore well rescue robot - Advanced

Author (s): G. Nithin, G. Gowtham, G. Venkatachalam and S. Narayanan
Abstract:

In the past few years, there have been several accidents of children falling into abandoned bore wells in India. Abandoned bore wells that have turned into death pits for children. The problem is all over India. Rescue teams spend hours and sometimes days in futile attempts to save these little kids. A lot of money is also spent in these missions. In most cases they are unable to save the kids. Such events have happened umpteen times in the past, and every time either the government or the bureaucracy is blamed. The rescue process to save the child from bore well is a long and complicated process now. The rescue team tries to approach the victim from a parallel well that take about 20-60 hours to dig. This complicated process makes 70% of the rescue operations fail. Very few of the victims have been saved in such accidents. Recently some autonomous robots came on to screen to take out the trapped body in a systematic way. But the question rises, why these bots are not in action in the real world. This brings out safety that how far the robot handles the child safely. The rescue operation mainly consists of three processes; Approaching the Child, Handling the body, Taking child out of the well. A regular autonomous robot could easily perform the first and third operations. These bots can make up these two steps within few minutes. But there is a great chance for injury of victim as they try hooking up body organs and cloths. Our Project deals with extreme Safe Handling of the victim. The design of handling system is made in such a way that the baby/victim never gets hurt and the robot itself provides some pretreatment to make the baby survive till the end of operation. Our Robot design constitutes a best Ergonomic Design and performs safest rescue operation.

 
 
 
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Title:

Analytical studies on auxiliary box in composite fin and validation of structural design by optimization

Author (s): Polagangu James, Prashob E. and Byji Varughese
Abstract:

A need is aroused in recent days for a separate space to house the actuators of control surface of wing and empennage structures of civil aircraft. The creation of an independent space outside main structural box is understood as auxiliary box structure. The space for auxiliary box is created by providing an auxiliary spar member between front and rear spars. This auxiliary spar is provided based on technical evidence that mere provision of spar should not make main structural box to reduce its bending stiffness and torsional rigidity. Various analytical studies have been carried out to find the optimum location of spars that resulted in least displacement with least possible mass of the fin structure. The present studies have been carried out on a composite fin structure of civil aircraft which had been previously designed for a given loading and geometry through classical approach. The structural optimization also carried out on a few fin models to see the difference in the mass obtained from structural optimization with that of mass of initial design. It is seen that there is good agreement between optimized mass and that mass of initial design through classical method.

 
 
 
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Title:

Tribological performance of environment friendly surface modified dies in deep drawing

Author (s):

S. Sivarajan and R. Padmanabhan

Abstract:

The present paper investigates the characteristics of well deposited surface coating of tool steel. By the right choice of surface coating processes, process parameters, coating material and coating properties like coating thickness and possibly multiple layer configurations, a mechanically well functioning coating can be obtained. MoS2 was used as a source material in thermal evaporation process to deposit a thin film of Molybdenum of thickness in submicron on high speed steel substrates and their coating characteristics were analyzed.

 
 
 
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Title:

Influence of cutting parameters on machinability of Inconel 718 alloy with coated carbide insert- A Taguchi based fuzzy logic approach (TFLA)

Author (s): R. Ramanujam, K. Venkatesan, Vimal Saxena, Nilendukar Chawdhury and VikashChoudhary

Abstract:

Inconel 718, a nickel based alloys, has found in many industries because of their unique combination of properties such as high strengths at elevated temperatures, resistance to chemical degradation, and have high wear resistance. The present work is focused on Taguchi based fuzzy logic loss function for the optimizing the arithmetic surface roughness (Ra and Rt) and cutting force (Fz) in dry turning of Inconel 718. This fuzzy interface system is used to identify the relationship between the responses and experimental design in order to determine the effectiveness each machining parameters in Taguchi’s design of experiment concept. Machining experiments were performed at medium duty lathe using PVD AlTiN coated tungsten carbide cutting tool. Cutting speed, feed rate and depth of cut were selected as cutting parameters. Taguchi method with the orthogonal array L9 is applied in this experiment with the selection of cutting parameter of cutting speed of 30, 50, 70m/min, feed rate of 0.103, 0.206, 0.294 mm/rev, and depth of cut of 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 mm. From the fuzzy loss function process, the optimal cutting conditions for the responses were effectively determined as v2f1d3. By applying ANOVA, feed rate is the most significant factor that influences the machining process.

 
 
 
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Title:

Numerical simulation of centrifugal compressor

Author (s):

Srinivas G.

Abstract:

Design of 3D-centrifugal impeller blades is a compromise between manufacturability and aerodynamics. The aerodynamic requirement is that edge velocities along the impeller channel passage surfaces like hub, shroud, pressure and suction surfaces vary smoothly without sudden decelerations, which would otherwise cause flow separation leading to losses. The paper aims to study several flow characteristics between blade channels using commercial flow solver CFX based on finite volume techniques. From the public domain literature, using the blade data, profiles are developed, for which multiblock hexahedral computational meshes are generated. Using the periodic boundaries and defined flow conditions at inflow / exit flow and blade rotations, the turbulent viscous flow between blade channels are computed. The efficiency related parameters using average quantities, besides flow pattern in terms of velocities, streamlines and pressure distribution on blade surfaces are graphically interpreted. An attempt is also made to study the influence of pressure loads on structural deformations in the chosen blade profile. This analysis also provides insights into the locations of maximum principal stresses or equivalent stresses on blade surfaces. This paper highlights aero-mechanical features of centrifugal impeller obtained from several numerical simulations, which are expected to provide a sound basis for further investigations.

 
 
 
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Title:

Encrypting and decrypting image using computer visualization techniques

Author (s): Gunasekaran G. and Bimal Kumar Ray
Abstract:

Today’s networks are essential to our modern world, and a thorough understanding of how they act is vital to their efficient operation. Fortunately, data on networks is plentiful; by visualizing this network data, it is possible to greatly improve our understanding and also should provide the security for network data. The motivation of this paper is on visualizing the network data associated with a network image or object that will be send in the format of image at the sender and at the receiver ends that image or object will be encrypted in the form of rich text format that will be decrypted form at the receiver end. The technique sending data in image format will provide a greatest security for World Wide Web data transmission on network. We can also visualize that what data is behind on image and rendering of the image. Finally, this proposal is trying to encrypt and decrypt image visualization using computer visualization techniques.

 
 
 
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Title:

Heat transfer and fluid flow analysis of flat surface with artificially roughened square transverse wire rib for application in solar air heater

Author (s):

R. Thundil Karupaaraj, Y. Raja Sekhar, G. Edison, B. Sai praneeth and T. Elango

Abstract:

Metal duct or channels of rectangular cross section with black selective coating has an application in solar air heaters. Increase in heat transfer rate is achieved by suitably modifying the absorber surface with fins, corrugations, honey comb structure etc. In the present article numerical study is performed using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) on a rectangular metal duct having transverse square wire rib roughness of small diameter created artificially on the absorber surface. The design parameters of the analysis are the flow Reynolds number, hydraulic diameter roughness pitch and height. The 3D analysis is performed using ANSYS FLUENT 12.1 code with Renormalization-group (RNG) k-ε model having the mesh model under five lakh nodes to investigate the heat transfer and fluid flow characteristics. The results of smooth duct are compared with results from literature and found to be in good agreement. The ratio of increase in heat transfer to friction factor referred as energy gain ratio with the use of artificial roughness is estimated for range of parameters and optimum performance condition is arrived. The maximum value of energy gain ratio is about 1.31 times more compared to the plain duct for the range of operating parameters investigated.

 
 
 
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Title:

Study of fluid flow around impeller blades in Rushton turbine in a baffled vessel using computational fluid dynamics

Author (s): R. Thundil Karuppa Raj, Aman Deep Singh, Shreyak Tare and Satwik Varma

Abstract:

The present study summarizes the design of the Rushton turbine and simulates the three-dimensional turbulent flow around the impeller blades of Rushton turbine in a stirred baffled vessel. The 3-dimensional flow around the impeller interacts with the baffles as the impeller rotates. This generates extremely complex flow physics within the vessel being stirred. The simulations are carried out using the Multiple Reference Frame (MRF) approach. The 3-dimensional model of the Rushton turbine and vessel is modeled as per the literature of Ranade et al. using SolidWorks package. The Rushton turbine with impellers is discretized into smaller finite volume domains using ICEM CFD pre-processing tool. Hexahedral grids are generated through the turbine and the impellers. The hexahedral cells generated are used to capture the boundary layer phenomenon more accurately compared to the tetrahedral cells for the same cell count. The flow physics involves both stationary and rotating domains and proper interface is provided between these domains so that the flux transfer is more uniform. A finite volume CFD code ANSYS CFX 12.1 is used to capture the 3-dimensional flow fields by solving the continuity, momentum and energy equations using RANS algorithm. A second order upwind scheme is employed for better accuracy. Shear Stress Transport (SST) k- ω turbulence model is used to capture the fluctuating quantities generated due to the turbulence created. SST k- ω has a blending function which ranges from 0 to 1 and can act both s as Standard k-ω and Standard k-ε turbulence models. The flow field near the walls is captured using Standard k-ω models and the flow physics at the free stream region is captured using Standard k-ε model. The numerically predicted results are compared with the experimental data available in the literature. Upon validation, the baffled vessel is varied for different rotational speeds and numerically analysis is carried out. The radial velocity contours and streamlines along with the turbulent kinetic energy are presented at the mid plane of the turbine rotational speeds. The effect of baffles is studied with respect to the flow optimization thereby increasing the reliability and life time of the Rushton turbine.

 
 
 
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Title:

Trends in manufacturing and assembly technologies for next generation combat aircraft

Author (s): H. Balaji, P. Selvaraj and V. Subba Rao

Abstract:

This paper covers the status on present manufacturing and assembly techniques and trends in new manufacturing technologies for the development of future combat aircraft. Aircraft building involves lot of challenges right from a detail component stage to the sub-assembly and assembly stage because of the complexity involved in the design and manufacturing of aerodynamic contour with weight control. The objective of this paper is to highlight the next generation manufacturing technologies which simplify the present production processes, improves the production rate and build quality. Advanced Manufacturing techniques like CNC pipe bending for aircraft system pipelines, multi-pass Wire-EDM for cut-out brackets and actuator components, Composite CNC machining for CFC panels, Multi-tasking machines for integrated machining of aircraft system parts, High speed machining to machine lengthy spars, etc., need to be adopted for series production. The various assembly techniques like modular assembly, manufacturing automation viz. Robotic arm for drilling, riveting, painting, inspection, etc., ensures repeatability and improved quality in series production. This paper brings out the emerging trends in manufacturing and assembly of next generation combat aircraft and the benefits derived in terms of cycle time and quality.

 
 
 
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Title: Numerical simulation of heat transfer characteristics in the absorber tube of parabolic trough collector with internal flow obstructions
Author (s): M. Natarajan, R. Thundil Karuppa Raj, Y. Raja Sekhar, T. Srinivas and Pranay Gupta
Abstract:

Absorber tube performance enhancement by using passive techniques is one of the major topics of research in the field of solar thermal power engineering. Earlier studies on ducts revealed that passive augmentation techniques have shown considerable enhancement in heat transfer. Experiments were conducted earlier on Parabolic Trough Collector (PTC) with plain absorber tube without inserts for different flow rate conditions. It was observed that fluid flow rate with 85 kg/hr has shown higher temperature difference for solar flux condition of 850 W/m2. In the present study, numerical analysis using CFD is performed by using inserts of different cross-section inside the fluid flow path of an absorber tube to study the flow characteristics. The fluid flow and heat transfer phenomena through a 3-dimensional absorber tube with varying heat source are obtained by solving the fundamental governing equations namely: conservation of mass, momentum and energy. Turbulence is modeled using SST k-ω model of closure. The heat transfer and pressure drop is calculated from the studies conducted for a mass flow rate of 85 kg/hr using the ANSYS CFX 12.1 software. The result of the numerical analysis is validated with the experiments carried out with the parabolic trough collector. The numerical study is carried out with triangle, inverted triangle and semi-circular inserts and compared with that of plain absorber tube. It has been found that triangle insertion gives optimized results with respect to uniform heat transfer which reduces the thermal fatigue even the pressure drop is relatively high compared to the plain absorber tube without insertion.

 
 
 
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Title:

Design, development, simulation and realization of expansion joints in ECS engine bleed system for a typical light transport aircraft

Author (s): H. T. Akshatha, A. Rinku, M. L. Shankar and Prashanth Banakara
Abstract:

In a commercial aircraft, ventilation to the cabin is normally through environmental control system normal bleed air system, ECS emergency back-up pressurization system and ram air. Bleed air is primarily used to provide pressurization by supplying air to the environmental control system. Additionally, bleed air is used for de-icing of aircraft leading edges. The bleed air needs to be tapped from engine and conveyed to the ECS pack through pipe routings. The bleed air pipes that tap the air from engine would experience a varying pressure load (as high as 140psi) and varying temperature (as high as 340°C) at different segments. This would obviously produce the expansion/ contraction of pipes which will result in axial moment and swaying of pipelines from their nominal configuration. These movements should be compensated by means of providing suitable expansion joints/thermal compensators to avoid undesirable loads at the support points which may affect the overall functioning of the system. The real challenge lies in designing such a complex system where suitable expansion joints need to be provided within stipulated airframe configuration satisfying the installation requirements, yet cost and weight effective. In the present work, a methodology has been developed for design of ECS pipe routings, using flexible hose- metallic bellows as a thermal compensator, with the aid of finite element analysis. This paper also talks about the qualification of the bellows through acceptance tests and implementation on a typical light transport aircraft.

 
 
 
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Title:

Processing and characterization of natural fiber-lycra composite reinforced with epoxy resin

Author (s):

Gaurav S. Harane and K. Annamalai

Abstract:

As the name suggests composite material are formed by combining two or more constituents at macroscopic level. Fiber reinforced polymer composites have acquired a dominant place in variety of applications because of their high specific strength and modulus. The fiber which serves as reinforcement may be synthetic or natural; while matrix material binds the fibers together can be thermoset or thermoplastic resins. The use of synthetic fibers (glass, aramid, boron etc.) in composites tends to affect environment, on the other hand natural fibers (Coir, jute, flax etc.) are environmentally superior to synthetic fibers. The present work includes the processing and characterization of natural fibers with small percentage of cotton-lycra and epoxy resin (thermoset resin). Cotton knitted fabric with 5% lycra was used along with natural fiber to obtain certain elastic property. Compression molding technique was used for composite manufacturing. Natural composites have wide variety of applications from automobile industry to sporting goods industry, production conveyer systems & also in strong infrastructure for roads, airport etc. A comparison was carried out between the properties of jute, jute-lycra and jute-coir-lycra composites.

 
 
 
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Title:

An order level inventory model for a deteriorating item with quadratic time-varying demand, shortage and partial backlogging

Author (s): Swapan Kumar Manna and Kripasindhu Chaudhuri
Abstract:

An Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) model is developed for a deteriorating item having time-dependent demand and shortage. The deterioration rate is assumed to rise linearly with time and time-varying demand rate is taken to be a quadratic function of time. Shortages are also assumed to be partially backlogged. The model is first developed and solved analytically and then the results are illustrated with numerical examples. Justifications for considering a time-quadratic demand are discussed elaborately.

 
 
 
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Title:

Tensile and creep data of 316 L(n) stainless steel analysis

Author (s):

V. Bindu Neeharika, K. S. Narayana, V. Krishna and M. Prasanth Kumar

Abstract:

The design of Liquid Metal Fast Breeder Reactor systems (LMFBR) requires consideration of elevated-temperature, time-dependent deformation, since many components will be operating at temperatures in the creep range of the materials of construction. Therefore a suitable method of establishing the stress-strain-time-temperature relationships for these materials is necessary for use in the design of such high temperature components. Although 316 L(N) Stainless Steel is specified by ASME nitrogen in range of 0.1 to 0.16 Wt.%, for Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor (PFBR), nitrogen content is limited to 0.08 Wt. %, in view of improved weld ability, code data availability and for minimizing scatter mechanical properties. For high temperature components operating in creep Range 316L (N) has been favored. Other major advantages of austenitic stainless steel 316L (N) include existence of vast data on mechanical properties including very long term creep data, ease of availability and fabrication above all the availability of design data in the ASME code selected for PFBR design.

 
 
 
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Title:

Foldable bicycle: Evaluation of existing design and novel design proposals

Author (s): Arunachalam M., Arun Prakash R. and Rajesh R.
Abstract:

The Currently available Foldable bicycles in the Indian market are made up of heavy materials which make them difficult to carry. The prices of the bicycles are also generally not affordable to the common man. Many of them are not foldable in a configurable geometrical order, because of which their transportation becomes very difficult. It also leads to a lot of difficulty, when it is to be stored for future use. This paper aims at evaluating the existing foldable bicycles in the Indian market and proposing a compact foldable bicycle which is weightless and overcomes all the limitations in the currently available bicycles in the Indian market. The proposed bicycle is designed in such a way that it is foldable by providing fasteners at the joints. The design structure imparts stable bicycle geometry. This system meets different topography and environmental conditions which are not met by the existing foldable bicycles.

 
 
 
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Title:

Experimental and numerical analysis of modal properties for automotive fuel tank

Author (s):

T. Sethuram, R. Rajamani, K. Prakasan

Abstract:

A fuel tank is the one of the important parts in automotive fuel system that stores liquid fuel and provides space for integrating fuel pump, filter, regulator and gauge inside the tank. The dynamic characteristics of fuel tank are affected by the mass of liquid and other fluid - structure interactions. Therefore, knowledge of the effects of different parameters on modal properties is very important to design the fuel tank and integrate fuel system components inside the fuel tank. This work addresses the vibration characteristics of an automotive fuel tank under empty and fluid-structure coupling conditions. The finite element model for vibration analysis of the fuel tank is developed using ANSYS software and the modal parameters, namely the natural frequencies and mode shapes are predicted.  Experimental setup is developed using accelerometer interfaced with data acquisition card. The frequency responses of the fuel tank are analyzed using LabVIEW software. The experiments are carried out for different fill levels of the tank. The findings show that the level of liquid influences greatly the dynamic characteristics of the tank. The results obtained from the numerical simulations are compared with experimental data and good agreements are observed.

 
 
 
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Title:

Part localization for CNC machining using discrete point set approach

Author (s): M. Chandranath, Raghavendra, R. Suresh and S. Ravishankar
Abstract:

Machining of components on CNC machining centres without any datum reference or tooling hole details is a challenge and requires mapping of the CAD reference system with the CNC Machine reference system. Applying best fit alignment approach to position and orient CNC coordinate system for parts with free-form features is a subject that can be widely employed for machining of components in automobile and aircraft industry. The localization of part and fixing the coordinate system needs 3D point data set obtained from the CNC machining centre using a touch signal probe. This paper focuses on establishing the CNC coordinate system for machining of components with 3D free form surface whose datum coordinate system cannot be established because of the non availability of planar and straight surfaces for reference. The method adopted in this paper helps in accurately machining of such parts without the usage of any special fixtures. The research work aims to report some strategies that provide guidelines to select appropriate best fit techniques for achieving the machining quality in the shortest time. The best fit method adopted on CAD models for fixing of CNC Coordinate system is done using CATIA software. A shorter surface mapping time and better fitting results can be achieved by adopting the recommended techniques.

 
 
 
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Title:

Influence of peripheral milling on machining of aircraft grade aluminum alloy

Author (s):

Gopinath L. and Ravi Shankar S.

Abstract:

Peripheral milling is a metal cutting operation in which the cutter produces a machined surface parallel to the axis of rotation of cutting. This is approached either by upmilling or downmilling methods. The fundamental difference among these modes of milling shows a marked variation in the magnitude of cutting forces during the process, chip formation and the quality of metal cutting. This work examines the difference brought out on the resultant component/part in terms of surface finish and hardness on aircraft grade precipitation hardenable Aluminum 2124 T851 alloy. Other cutting parameters like feed rate, depth of cut, spindle speed, tool over hang length, tool diameter, number of flutes etc., are maintained identical on both types of milling. This study is examined on finishing operation of Aluminum plates of the considered aspect ratio in attaining a defined thickness on all the specimens. Metal cutting is carried using three different types of cutters for both upmilling and down milling strategies. The surface texture, surface finish and hardness are evaluated and the results are presented. The results indicate that hardness values are relatively high in down milling strategy for the same machining variables as against the case of upmilling and the surface roughness is higher in case of down milling compared to upmilling operations.

 
 
 
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Title:

Study of bend angle allowance for sheet metal forming in aerospace industry

Author (s):

S. Raghavendra Rao, S.R.S. Manyam Kothapalli and S. Ravishankar

Abstract:

Sheet metal forming is one of the major forming processes adopted for manufacturing thin walled components (thickness < 3mm) in aerospace and automotive industry. The final form and dimensions of the sheet metal components are affected by several factors such as material characteristics, thickness, bend radius, flange length, spring back, etc. Among these, spring back is considered to be the major factor affecting the bend angle on the component. Thus, to achieve the nominal bend angle, it is necessary to predict the bend angle on the form tool with due consideration given to spring back. This work proposes a relation for the bend angle on the form tool with respect to the nominal bend angle on the component for a given sheet thickness and material. The relation was verified for Al2024 alloy sheet metal components of thickness ranging between 1-2mm, and the results were found to be very encouraging.

 
 
 
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Title:

In situ deposition of silver micro and nano particles on polyester fibers by aqueous impregnation

Author (s):

Alexander Wille and Hugo Zea

Abstract:

The economical and technically simple impregnation process of aqueous solutions under different conditions of concentration, temperature and pressure was tested in this study for the In situ deposition of silver micro and nano particles on polyester fibers, commercial samples of polyester fiber were characterized by means of optical and electron transmission microscopy and X-Ray diffraction.

 
 
 
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Title:

Rate-Transient analysis for hydraulically fractured vertical oil and gas wells

Author (s):

Freddy Humberto Escobar, Jhon Richard Castro and Juan Sebastian Mosquera

Abstract:

Several common reservoir production conditions result in flow at a constant pressure; then, a constantly changing well-flowing pressure is recorded. Nowadays, most well-test analysis methods assume constant-rate production especially since gas shale wells are normally tested by recording the flow rate values under constant pressure conditions. In such cases, well testing could be eliminated in many cases as being of little value or economically unjustifiable because of the resulting production loss when compared with what can be obtained from constant wellbore pressure production data. Then, this paper presents a transient-rate analysis for artificially fractured vertical wells flowing under constant pressure in homogenous deposits with circular/square shape. Expressions for reservoir characterization using both TDS and conventional techniques are introduced and successfully tested with field and synthetic examples.

 
 
 
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Title:

Electrochemical assessment of concrete ternary inhibitors used in retarding corrosion of steel reinforcement

Author (s):

Abdulrahman A. S. and Mohammad Ismail

Abstract:

Corrosion of steel reinforcement in concrete is generally considered as an electrochemical process which reduces the service life of a structure exposed to chloride ions attack. Therefore, laboratory experiments were performed in order to ascertain the effectiveness and sustainability of ternary inhibitors (calcium nitrite, ethanolamine and eco-friendly green Bambusa Arundinacea) in protecting steel reinforcement in concrete from corrosion attack due to chloride. Concrete mix was designed to be 30MPa with 0.45 and 0.65 W/C ratios. Inhibitors additions were 2% and 4% by weight of cement. The specimens were subjected to various durability corrosion test (using; electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS)) for 360 days. The results showed that Bambusa arundinacea has exhibited lowest corrosion rate, highest concrete resistance and highest polarization resistance (Rp) values for the period of exposure, compared to calcium nitrite and ethanolamine.  Bambusa arundinacea may be considered a better substitute for nitrite and amine- based corrosion inhibiting admixtures for durable concrete structures due to its viability, versatility and eco-friendliness.

 
 
 
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Title:

Urzhumian stage in geochemical variations

Author (s):

Nurgalieva N. G., Khaziev R. R., Gareev B. I. and Batalin G. A.

Abstract:

Geological site Cheremushka is known as key stratigraphic record of Urzhumian stage of Middle Permian (Biarmian) series. It is situated on the Volga River’s right bank, near Kazan city (Russia). In present paper lithology and geochemistry of this section is analyzed by EDXRF and discussed to reveal regional facial and cyclic features of the succession formed in altered sedimentary environments. Bulk geochemistry of sediments can be used to characterize the distribution of allogenic and authigenic components. It can also be used to compare these distributions with the general evolutionary stages of Volga River’s region. The sedimentary sequence at site Cheremushka is divided into nine geochemical stages and sedimentary cycles using bulk geochemistry profiles, where silica change is considered as basic. The stage (cycles) boundaries correlate with the significant lithologic boundaries. Paleoenvironmental evolution is interpreted as alteration of lagoon and terrigenous flux influenced environments in arid climate during Sulitzkian time and in humid climate during Isheevskian time.

 
 
 
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Title:

An efficient fuzzy weighted association rule mining with enhanced hits algorithm

Author (s):

V. Vidya

Abstract:

Association rule mainly focuses on large transactional databases. In association rule mining all items are considered with equal weightage. But it is not suitable for all datasets. The weight should be considered based on the importance of the item. In our previous work HITS algorithm (Hyperlink Induced Topic Search) is used to find the weight of an item w-support is calculated for generating frequent item sets. In this work enhanced HITS is used to calculate the weightage of the items. The enhanced HITS update the weight value in online manner. Fuzzy logic approach is applied to improve the association rule mining. So the proposed fuzzy weighted association rule mining with enhanced HITS satisfies downward closure property which decreases computation time; uninteresting rules can be pruned because of assigning weights to items, which also reduce the execution time. This paper introduces enhanced HITS algorithm and compute weights to describe the importance of attribute with respect to users intuition and integrate the options into mining weighted fuzzy association rule algorithm. Most weighted association rule mining eliminates extra steps during rules generation. Experiments show that the proposed algorithm is capable of discovering new rules in an effective manner by obtaining high confidence results. The comparison between fuzzy weighted association rule mining with enhanced HITS and weighted association rule mining with enhanced HITS is experimentally evaluated with food mart dataset as shown in enhanced version outperforms the weighted association rule mining with enhanced HITS.

 
 
 
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Title: Improving product classification through product family segregation
Author (s):

J. O. Mahmud, M. S. Mohd Ismail and J. Mohd Taib

Abstract:

Information sources are invaluable when taking decisions in Product design especially at the front end of the design process. Product families as classified, the connectivity of product form and interaction of the features assist the designer in taking good decisions. This paper addresses product classification from the design perspective with respect to Product family as reflected by the product presence in the market. Ten different models for a product (Wheelchair) was randomly selected and recorded. The choice of the product has no specific implication other than to demonstrate the practicability of this approach. TRIZ principles were employed to perform 3-level component segregation on each model. A matrix is thereafter drawn for the product family. The models are recorded on the horizontal axis of the matrix while their corresponding features are recorded on the vertical axis. The frequencies of the models and corresponding features are noted on the right hand right. The frequencies were then taken through cluster analysis using the dendrogram on SPSS 20. The result shows the features categorized into three groups which reveals the commonality and association of the features that are Basic, Performance or Luxury according to customers’ satisfaction. This approach also shows a quick method that can ease product design decision making because it is systematic and can be used to dissect and analyze products within a product family. This approach can lead to functional analysis, product design specification preparation and product development.

 
 
 
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Title:

A behavioural model to evaluate the delay on urban traffic flows and analysis of environmental implications

Author (s): Ferdinando Corriere
Abstract:

In this paper the problem of a road's capacity in presence of perturbations in the vehicular flow is dealt. In particular, among the different causes of delay, is here considered the presence of vehicles parked along the road in relation at their parking activity. Preliminarily is evaluated the delay, caused by each vehicle that leaves its parking position and enters in the traffic flow or by that who slows down the flow to enter in the parking, by introducing these effects in the equations of flow, it is possible to evaluate the modifications that the same curves of down flow suffer. Consequently, it is also possible to evaluate the increase of pollutant emissions.

 
 
 
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Title:

Enhanced wavelet based approach for defect detection in fabric images

Author (s):

Anitha S. and V. Radha

Abstract:

Fabric defect detection is one of the indispensable units in the manufacturing industry to maintain the quality of the end product. Wavelet transform is well suited for quality inspection application due to its multi-resolution representation and to extract fabric features. This paper presents the comparison of three wavelet based models. These models include Tree structured wavelet transform, wavelet transform with vector quantized principal component analysis and Gabor wavelet network. The wavelet based models are combined with golden image subtraction to identify the fabric defect. The energy and entropy features are extracted and thresholding is performed to produce the binary image. The performance of the models is evaluated to verify the detection rate based on the segmented results. It can be concluded that the Wavelet transform with vector quantized principal component analysis provides better detection result.

 
 
 
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Title: Design and implementation of control of level and flow using fuzzy logic for the intelligent control laboratory of the Surcolombiana University
Author (s): Agustín Soto O., Luz Adriana Guzmán T. and Y. Oscar Mauricio Calvache G.
Abstract:

This work presents the design and implementation of a multivariable control for a hydraulic system. The work consists of two control variables common in the industry: Level and Flow, which are monitored in the main tank of the system. The development is made from the control algorithm performed by fuzzy logic on the microcontroller MC68HC912B32 Motorola instructions supporting this technique. It monitors the behavior of the variables wirelessly through the program developed in LabVIEW software for viewing on your computer. Previously recommended tests are made by manufacturers of engineered equipment and know their characteristics and the device used as the electronics, in order to achieve good performance of the plant and controller together. Finally, an analysis in terms of its operation and is obtained as a result the plant hydraulic laboratory practice for Intelligent Control of the course, physically and electronically structured monitoring of the variables corresponding to control, simplicity in the management presenting to can be used by teachers and students in the laboratory of Electronic Engineering program.

 
 
 
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Title:

KERS applications to aerospace diesel propulsion

Author (s):

Luca Piancastelli, Leonardo Frizziero and Eugenio Pezzuti

Abstract:

Surprisingly, the safety of a flight is still not guaranteed to maximum steam ejection of power during take-off. Moreover, modern aircraft require significant amounts of electricity. It could also be argued that today in many respects the automotive industry appears to be a technology leader with respect to the aerospace industry that, instead, is more conservative. Ferrari has developed, and implemented, on their F1 cars, an electronic device, called KERS, which is able to produce electricity, with peaks of 60 KW for 7s, with a mass of 20 kg, including rechargeable batteries. The main goal of this paper is to explore utilization of turbo-charged aerodiesel engines and conduct feasibility study of the F1-derived KERS to assist power generation in normal and critical flight phases. The KERS’ reversible brushless electric motor works as a generator for all aircraft power needs and also provides starting power. It is demonstrated here that such design philosophy improves performance and flight safety of light-to-medium airplanes and helicopter.

 
 
 
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Title:

Designing a rule based fuzzy expert controller for early detection and diagnosis of diabetes

Author (s): S. Krishna Anand, A. Ajmal Ahamed and K. M. Nandhini
Abstract:

It can be easily inferred that improvement in Technology has grown manifold over the years. A large variety of applications have become more compact and concise. Medical field is no exception. However, success rate in medical field has still not reached acceptable limits. The work carried out aims at providing necessary support and assistance to the doctor in getting reliable results. Four specific diseases have been taken into consideration, namely heart disease, kidney disease, diabetic retinopathy and joint disease. A wide variety of parameters have been taken into consideration. A fuzzy expert system has been designed to identify the relationships based on patient’s data. This system is in turn used to identify mechanisms for effective disease support application.

 
 
 
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Title: Techniques to improve the performance while reducing the pollutants level in the exhaust gases of compression ignition engines- A review
Author (s): Srinivasa Rao M. and Anand R. B.
Abstract:

This paper describes the various techniques to improve the performance of compression ignition engines while reducing the level of pollutants in the exhaust gases. The pollutants emitted from diesel engine have been recognized as a major air pollution source, which affects the health of living beings and causing ozone layer depletion, green house effect, acid rain and unfavourable ecological environment. In this paper various technical aspects regarding the diesel engine performance improvement, combustion characteristics, methods to control the emission characteristics by modifying technical parameters like fuel injection pressure and timing, compression ratio, thermal barrier coating, fuel modification (blending of nano and chemical additives) and  exhaust gas treatment techniques have been discussed in detail.

 
 
 
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