Effects of Pasternak layer on forced transverse vibration of a Timoshenko double-beam system with compressive axial load

M. Nasirshoaibi and N. Mohammadi

Based on Timoshenko beam theory, the forced transverse vibrations of an elastically connected simply supported Timoshenko double-beam system with Pasternak layer in-between subjected to arbitrarily distributed continuous loads under compressive axial load are investigated. It is assumed that the two beams of the system are continuously joined by a Pasternak layer. The dynamic responses of the system caused by arbitrarily distributed continuous loads are obtained. The effects of Pasternak layer on the forced vibrations of the Timoshenko double-beam system are discussed for one case of particular excitation loading. The properties of the forced transverse vibrations of the system are found to be significantly dependent on the compressive axial load and shear modulus of Pasternak layer. Vibrations caused by the harmonic exciting forces are discussed, and conditions of resonance and dynamic vibration absorption are formulated. The important result that this paper put emphasize on it is that the magnitudes of the steady-state vibration amplitudes become smaller when the shear Pasternak modulus increases and Pasternak layer can reduces the magnitudes of the steady-state vibration amplitudes more than Winkler elastic layer. But base on Timoshenko theory which takes into account the effects of shear deformation and rotary inertia, Pasternak layer doesn’t have considerable effect on the magnitudes of the steady-state vibration amplitudes. Thus the Timoshenko beam-type dynamic absorber with Pasternak layer acts with a little more efficiency than Winkler elastic layer. Effects of Pasternak layer on Rayleigh double-beam is more than Timoshenko double-beam. Thus the Timoshenko beam-type dynamic absorber with Pasternak layer can be used to suppress the excessive vibrations of corresponding beam systems instead of those with Winkler elastic layer. Numerical results of the present method are verified by comparing with those available in the literature.

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Eclipsing Z-scan measurement for mixture of dyes (R6g, RB, and RC) in liquid and solid media

Ali H. AL-Hamdani, Mariam H. Mohamed and Alaa H. Ali

This research is a study of the nonlinear optical properties for liquid and solid sample (dye doped polymer) at different concentration in Chloroform solvent by using a high sensitive method known as EZ-Scan technique. EZ-scan experiment was performed using Nd-YAG (SHG) CW laser at 532[nm] in two parts. The first part by using a disk placed in front of the detector to measure the nonlinear refractive index and in the second part removing the disk (open aperture) to measure the nonlinear absorption coefficient and then to measure third order susceptibility. The results suggest that the solid samples were appeared clearer than liquid samples since the nonlinear refractive index is found to be of the order of 10^-11[cm²/mw]. The magnitude of nonlinear susceptibility is of the order of 10^-4[cm/watt]. The nonlinear absorption coefficient is of the order of 10^-4[cm/mw].

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Assessment of building security cost determinants effects

Anifowose Opeyemi Maroof and Ilias Said

This study explores and assesses the effects of the cost factors of building security cost within the built-environment, using mixed methods sequential exploratory research design. Result of severity index (SI) analysis revealed no significant gap exist between the factors with SI values ranges from 94% to 72%. The result of descriptive analysis was at effective effect for security measures, whereas building characteristics was at moderate effect. Likewise, ANOVA result for security measures was at large effect while building characteristics was at medium effect. The interaction effect result show that the magnitude of the interactive effects between Security Measures and Building Characteristics on the Building Security cost was statistically significant. Therefore, the cost-influencing factors of building security were found to be: security measures and building characteristics. They had substantial effect on building security cost based on the findings in this study. However, this study will lead to further investigation into the relationship that exist between security measures, building characteristics and building security cost within the built-environment.

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Management and analytic of social network application with mobile based memory database and dynamic querying

G. Dheepa and V. Vijayakaveri

Social network applications are flattering progressively more familiar on mobile network. A mobile presence application is an imperative constituent of a social network application because it manages each mobile user’s occurrence information, such as the current standing (online/offline), GPS locality and network address, and also updates the user’s network friends with the information frequently. If updates occur habitually, the enormous number of messages distributed by servers may lead to a scalability problem in a large-scale mobile presence service. By avoiding the problem, we put forward efficient and scalable server structural design, called Presence Cloud; this enables mobile presence services to support large-scale social network applications. When a mobile user comes under a network, Presence Cloud searches for the presence of his/her friends and notifies them of his/her advent. Presence Cloud organizes quorum-based server-to-server architecture to improve searching performance. A directed search algorithm and a one-hop caching strategy to accomplish small constant search latency. We are going to analyze the performance of Presence Cloud in terms of the search cost and search satisfaction level. The search cost is depending on the total number of messages leaved by the presence server when a user arrives; and search satisfaction level is depend on the time takes to search for the arriving user’s friend list. The results of simulations exhibit that Presence Cloud achieves performance gains in the search cost without compromising search satisfaction.

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Design and optimization of an aircraft propeller for tuned torsional vibration damping

L. Piancastelli, A. Castagnoli and L. Frizziero

This paper analyzes the design process of an aircraft propeller for a piston engine. The propeller should also damp the main critical torsional frequency of the crankshaft. The first step was the calculation of the geometrical parameters of two different blades: one according to Larrabee's procedure and the other one according to the Theodorsen's theory. The evaluation of the effect of aerodynamics and centrifugal loads has required the union of the results come from CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) and the ones come from the CSM (Computational Structural Mechanics), through the execution of several one way FSI (Fluid Structure Interaction) analyses. The results allowed making pre-stressed modal analyses, which gave the opportunity to identify the kinds of propeller having the fundamental frequency coincident with the main resonance frequency of the crankshaft. The final design is a blade having the deformed shape of the optimum aerodynamic design.

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Effect of bending optical fibre on bend loss over a long period of time

M. F. M. Salleh and Z. Zakaria

In Malaysia, fiber cable is commonly installed underground or overhead. Once optical fibre cable is installed either underground or over-head, there is no physical maintenance implemented. The only maintenance on fibre cable is the monitoring of optical fibre attenuation. Bend loss affects the attenuation and any bending cable that contributes to the bend loss remains un-maintained since there is no study on the effect of bending fibre on bend loss in a long period of time. The effect of bending optical fibre in long term is investigated in this paper. The study has been done on the existing optical fibre of OPGW that is installed on a high voltage transmission tower. The effect of bending optical fibre with bend loss is monitored in 10 months and the permanency is verified.

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Fuel qualification using quartz sensors

Muhammad Rivai Tasripan

An array of quartz crystal sensors modified by chemical materials was implemented for vapor detection. In this study, the vapor sensor array was employed to qualify the fuels. This was done to distinguish some common fuels and also to determine the rate of fuel adulteration. All the measurements were conducted at room temperature. The sensor response consumed only up to one minute for a measurement cycle. After statistical data analysis including Principal Component Analysis and Neural Network methods, it was possible to conclude that the sensor array is able to distinguish the fuel vapors with high reproducibility and to determine the rate of fuel adulteration with linear correlation.

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Mathematical modeling of task managers for multiprocessor systems on the basis of open-loop queuing networks

Martyshkin A. I. and Yasarevskaya O. N.

The paper aims at carrying out the mathematical modeling and the performance analysis of a parallel computer system. Research methods are based on using the theory of analytical, numerical and simulation modeling, the theory of systems and queuing networks, the probability theory and the stochastic process theory. The authors deal with the analytical models of Task Managers for parallel processing systems based on the open-loop queuing systems. They investigate the methods of studying first-in-first-out Task Managers. The analytical models based on stochastic queuing networks for obtaining the managers’ probabilistic and temporal characteristics are presented in the article. The results of the work done are equations for calculating the mean residence time of the problem in each system under study. The analytical calculations have been verified for their adequacy by simulation modeling. The experimental results have been displayed on the graph. During the problem investigation the appropriate conclusions have been made for each system type presented in the article. The considered models of Managers can be used in general purpose systems (for example in operating systems).

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Dali lighting control interface circuit and electrical characteristics of a typical Dali cable

Mika Maaspuro

This study focuses on DALI lighting control interface and DALI cabling. DALI interface circuit will be designed and presented. DALI wiring is typically made by using a standard PVC (polyvinyl chloride) insulated electrical cable. Electrical characteristics of such a cable will be defined to fully understand the frequency dependent behaviour of the cable. The self-inductance, mutual inductance and resistance of the cable will be resolved by using a numerical method called volume fillet. PVC material data, like the relative permeability and the loss tangent, will be resolved by using the results of material science studies. A lumped model presentation for the cable will be created. Time dependent simulations for the interface and the cable will be executed using Spice. The usability of the lumped model will be issued. The lumped model can be extended to a distributed model. Neither of these models can handle the frequency dependence on the electrical characteristics. There are some options how to improve the model.

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Design and implementation of high speed multiplier using Vedic mathematics

High speed computing systems have been very much demand in recent years, because of the fast growing technologies in scientific computing applications. Designing a high speed multiplier will have a large impact on applications like Image Processing, Convolution, Fast Fourier Transform, and Filtering and in microprocessors. For this, we aggregate into the multiplication process, a sutra named Urdhva Triyagbhyam from the Ancient Indian Vedic Mathematics since it has a unique way of calculations. Also, building an ALU using Vedic Multiplier is less complex when compared to other multipliers. In this paper we have proposed an algorithm for multiplying 16 bit value as Vedic multiplier. While implementing this algorithm we studied that the speed of the computation process is increased and the computing time is reduced due to decrease of path delay compared to the existing multipliers. The design of the Vedic multiplier is performed in Verilog language and the tool used for simulation is Xilinx 9.1 ISE, Spartan-3E.

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Microprocessor control system of technological process of steam generating installation of oilfield

Valery Ivanovich Finaev, Vladimir Vladimirovich Ignatyev, Evgeny Yuryevich Kosenko, Vladimir Vitalyevich Mikhailov and Oleg Borisovich Spiridonov

The aim of the work is to solve the problem of choosing the configuration of microprocessor control systems and software with redundancy (reservation) functions for control of boiler burners of steam generating at the enterprises of oilfield. In article two types of a configuration of a microprocessor control system are offered. In the second type of a configuration reservation happens not only through the main stations, but also via the distributed modules. Application of the second type allows increasing reliability and non-failure operation of a control system. The structure of a microprocessor control system is defined. The program for the second configuration of a control system of steam generating installation is created. Setup of parameters of a control system and parameters of PID-regulators are carried out in SCADA system. Control and display of results of control are carried out also in SCADA system. The description of work with SCADA system is provided in article. A work example is reviewed, windows of displays, adjusting data, setup of automatic regulators are shown.

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Experimental study on the effect of rainfall on fresh concrete

AL-Taif region, in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), can be classified as rainy region; however, during day the weather can be changed several times means rainfall at any time. Due to the advantage of concrete too many concrete structures executed and massive quantity of concrete cast every day, some of it can subject to rainfall. An experimental program has been carried out to investigate the influences of rainfall duration on the compressive strength of fresh concrete. Concrete mixture was designated and cast in standard cubes molds 150 *150* 150 mm as control compressive strength. Based on the mix quantities obtained from concrete mixture, seventy two cubes cast in three groups, each group has four subgroups with six cubes each. Three different rainfall started time from casting studied 15, 30, and 45 minutes each represented as group. Four duration of rainfall studied 10, 30, 45, and 60 minutes each represented as subgroups. Results of compressive strength test on cured specimens were used to obtain equations for prediction the influences of concrete compressive strength regarding to rainfall duration and starting time of rainfall from casting. From this research, the findings can get site decisions on whether to continue or suspend the construction based on the forecasted rainfall. On the other hand, if concrete subjected to rainfall after casting, the engineer will have an equation can be used as a guide to determine the new concrete compressive strength.

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Adaptive mean shift for skin image segmentation

Kyoung-Mi Lee

The mean-shift clustering is an efficient technique for color image segmentation by dividing an image into homogeneous regions. The main drawback of mean-shift clustering is to use a fixed scale, which directly determines to use a fixed homogeneity. Since each region could have different homogeneity, using a fixed scale has a problem to segment well. To resolve this problem, we incorporate multi-resolution search by providing different scales to regions. The proposed algorithm starts initially at lowest resolution first and then proceeds to higher resolution where the search results are only refined. The proposed algorithm is applied to skin color segmentation.

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Theoretical and experimental substantiation of construction regional security monitoring systems technospheric

Molev M .D., Stradanchenko S. G. and Maslennikov S. A.

In the article are stated theoretical and practical basis for forming regional safety monitoring systems of technosphere. The authors’ application systems theory concept reveals to the solution of important scientific and technical problem. In particular, on the basis of the references and results analysis of own research it is established, that in the region it is logical to apply monitoring structure with chain of the adjusting feedback coupling and the block of the complex forecasting constructed with use of the synergy principle of elements to implementation of the purposes of status monitoring and perspective for health and safety forecasting. Application theoretical research results are given to the practice of providing comfortable accommodation conditions of the population in the urbanized territory.

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Building heterogeneous distributed embedded systems through RS485 communication protocol

J. K. R. Sastry, A Suresh and Smt J. Sasi Bhanu

RS485 bases networking of distributed embedded systems is most effective as every microcontroller based embedded system has built-in serial communication interface. Establishing a network connecting heterogeneous microcontroller based system become quite simple when RS485 based communication is used. However RS485 suffers from too much of overhead due to the need for transmitting the addresses along with Data. HUB based RS485 based communication eliminates the needs for transmission of the overheads. In this paper HUB based RS485 based networking of heterogeneous embedded systems that suits to a pilot project that monitors and controls the temperature within a Nuclear reactor system has been proposed. Many other related inventions that include Architecture of Message flow, addressing the devices on the network, and data packet design related to the pilot project have also been presented.

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Parameters of water quality in hand dug wells (HDWs) from Hardo ward, Bauchi metropolis, Nigeria

The study analysed the water quality of Hand dug wells (HDWs) from Hardo ward, Bauchi metropolis, Nigeria for the Physical, Chemical and Bacteriological parameters. The study used standard laboratory techniques for the water quality analysis and the results were evaluated based on the benchmark standards of the World Health Organization (WHO) and Nigerian Standard of Drinking Water Quality (NSDWQ). A random sampling method was used to select20 HDWs for the water quality analysis. Excel 2007 software was used for data analysis and the results were presented in Figures and Tables. The results of water quality from HDWs were found to fall within or below or in excess of the safety limits of drinkable water based on the benchmark standard set by the WHO and the NSDWQ. The study concluded that the quality of water from HDWs in Hardo ward were not suitable for drinking. The study recommended regular monitoring of ground water quality and a further research to determine the sources of ground water pollution in the study area.

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Multi-criteria optimization of the operation of control systems of moving object under uncertainty

Zargaryan Yu. A., Zargaryan E. V., Ignatyev V. V., Spiridonov O. B., Shestova E. A. and Finaev V. I.

This article is devoted to mobile object control system functioning multicriteria optimization in the uncertainty conditions. Complex system work quality is defined by vector criterion. Autonomous navigation productivity function assessment criteria for the position and trajectory management systems are set in the form of fuzzy functions (values). Pareto’s method is applied to optimality assessment. The optimization method on the basis of the complexity principle is considered and approach to the assessment of the received Pareto-optimal fuzzy solutions using usefulness assessment of the received solution is offered. The algorithm of the valuation method of the Pareto-optimal solution taking into account usefulness is developed. Information support is developed for search of the Pareto-optimal solution. The work description with information support is provided.

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Improving classification performance of k-nearest neighbour by hybrid clustering and feature selection for non-communicable disease prediction

Non-communicable Disease (NCDs) is the high mortality rate in worldwide likely diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, liver and cancers. NCDs prediction model have problems such as redundancy data, missing data, noisy class and irrelevant attribute. This paper proposes a novel NCDs prediction model to improve accuracy. Our model comprises k-means as clustering technique, Weight by SVM as feature selection technique and k-nearest neighbour as classifier technique. The result shows that k-means + weight by SVM + k-nn improved the classification accuracy on most of all NCDs dataset (accuracy; AUC), likely Pima Indian Dataset (96.82; 0.982), Breast Cancer Diagnosis Dataset (97.36; 0.997), Breast Cancer Biopsy Dataset (96.85; 0.994), Colon Cancer (99.41; 1.000), ECG (97.80; 1.000), Liver Disorder (97.97; 0.998).

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Image restoration based on enhanced switched median filter with NSSK

R. Prabhu and S. Santhosh Baboo

This paper deals with an image restoration process, based on unsymmetrical high density impulse noise and Gaussian blur. By using these two different methods researcher first implemented an Enhanced switched median filter which is applied for de-noising and second a Noise Suppressed Steering Kernel (NSSK) and median filter applied for de-blurring. Even different methods are proposed for impulse noise, due to time complexity it has been replaced by switched median filter. To overcome the limitations in fuzzy filtering a switched median filter is proposed for obtaining a better performance on visual clarity and time in this proposed work. The proposed method is a hybrid method which employs an mixture of noise and blur .Different digital images are used to show the restoration results in terms of PSNR (dB) and visual effects which conforms better restoration through proposed method.

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Optimum nominal method modification at the management of moving objects under uncertainty

Finaev V.I., Ignatyev V.V., Shestova E.A., Spiridonov O.B., Zargaryan J.A. and Zargaryan E.V.

This article is devoted to the development of models and information support for the search for the input parameters providing effective functioning of a moving object in the incompleteness data conditions. The problem of optimization is solved by the application of fuzzy intervals and variables. Parameters of moving objects of autonomous navigation and function of optimization are considered in the form of linguistic and fuzzy variables. Experts set functions of the accessory of fuzzy variables. The concept of the function of the accessory of deviations from the set face value of input parameter is defined. Modification of the method of the optimum of face value is considered at management of moving objects in the conditions of uncertainty. The algorithm and information support is developed for search of the fuzzy maximum of the function of the productivity of autonomous navigation at management of moving objects. The description of work with information support is provided.

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Sustainable management strategy of construction materials mining in Jeneberang River, south Sulawesi

Aryanti Virtanti Anas, D.A. Suriamihardja, Muh. Saleh Pallu and Ulva Ria Irfan

Mining activities in Jeneberang river carry out to fulfil construction materials demand of Gowa Regency and Makassar City.  In the recent years mining activities are under strong pressure to comply with good environmental practice. The issue of sustainable development is becoming increasingly important for the mineral extraction. Analysis of four dimensions (social, economic, environmental, and institutional) indicates that currently, management sustainability of mining categorized as quite sustainable with index value 54.28%. Therefore, objective of this study is to formulate strategy of the management sustainability based on scenarios considering key attributes to increase the index value. The sustainability index and key attributes were conducted by Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) analysis. Meanwhile, to define future states of the scenarios were analysed by prospective analysis. Result of leverage analysis in Multidimensional Scaling indicates that 18 out of 43 attributes are categorized as sensitivity attributes of the sustainability. Based on prospective analysis, the selected scenario for developing the management sustainability is moderate scenario. There are seven key attributes affecting the sustainability. The scenario will take place if the key attributes develop positively in order to increase from 54.28% to 60.48%.

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Toward automatic color-based estimation and classification of beach solid waste by using digital image processing

R. Ramos, K. De Los Reyes and G. Sánchez

Tourist beaches suffer important levels of environmental impact as a result of various factors, including human interaction. Measuring the impact of such interaction allows for the quantification of the degree of pollution in order to define environmental policies making it possible to preserve environmental levels that do not put ecosystems at risk and that guarantee a quality experience for users of beaches. Environmental quality indexes such as ICAPTU include the quantification of solid waste presence by using manual procedures. This paper proposes a method for the automatic quantification of solid waste presence based on digital image-processing techniques. In the method proposed, the image is acquired, the objects are separated, and then a set of features is extracted to be used in a k-NN classifier. Results show that the accuracy of the classifier is above 90%.

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Pulse frequency spectrum of subjects whose normal electrocardiogram (ECG) test

Erni Yudaningtyas, Waru Djuriatno and Rudy Yuwono

Pulse wave is a time domain periodic wave which the pattern is described qualitatively. Transformations is required to get the pulse wave measured quantitatively. It can be realized by using Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). That is a numerical computational method based on Fourier transform which transform the time domain periodic wave into frequency domain. Recording the pulse wave in the time domain is done on the subject of studies in which the results of the electrocardiograph (ECG) recording showed a normal heart function. Pulse wave is obtained by pressing the blood vessels using pressure sensors in the radial artery area. Pulse wave patterns in the radial artery area have a systolic time about 0.16 seconds. The special characteristic pattern of pulse wave can only be known quantitatively if the pulse wave pattern is consistent. Frequency spectrum and its constituent frequency spectrum amplitude pulse waves were obtained using the FFT method. Through this method, special characteristic of the pulse wave frequency spectrum from the subject of study was known between (1.5 to 2.1) Hz. This method is more informative because it can show special characteristics quantitatively rather than the pattern of the pulse wave in the time domain.

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Analysis of pulse width modulation control and digital control approach for asymmetric DC-AC cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter

K. Mohanasundaram, K. R. Sugavanam and R. Senthil Kumar

This paper analyze an effective comparison between Pulse width modulation (PWM) control approach and digital control approach for asymmetric DC-AC cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter. The conventional available approach produces 2n+1 output level for n independent DC sources and the digital control approach produces 2ⁿ⁺¹-1 output level for the same n independent DC sources with the same number switches. The proposed method also brings out the salient features of using Digital control over the conventional PWM control by producing a low total harmonic distortion level (THD) level while considering R-load. The simulation is done with the help of MATLAB and subsequently verified experimentally.

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A taxonomy and comparison of Hadoop distributed file system with Cassandra file system

Kalpana Dwivedi and Sanjay Kumar Dubey

As we know data and information is exponentially increasing in current era therefore the technology like Hadoop, Cassandra File System, HBase etc. became the hot technology and preferred choice among the IT professionals and business communities. Hadoop Distributed File System and Cassandra File System is rapidly growing and proving themselves to be cutting edge technology in dealing with huge amount of structured and unstructured data. Both HDFS and CFS are open source software which comes under umbrella of Apache. Both technologies have large customer base which is exponentially growing and have certain pros and cons .Since both the file system are very popular and extensively been used in the areas of handling big data hence it is worth to do a comparison between both the technologies and helping the intended reader in selecting appropriate file system which efficiently meets the requirement of the customer. Paper covers about HDFS and CFS and then provides the comparative analysis of features provided by both the file systems.

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Smart Grid: A survey on demand side management and demand response its scope in Indian power sector

S. Sofana Reka and V. Ramesh

The paper presents a complete survey on developments in  Smart Grid Sector in Indian paradigm, mainly on Demand Response and the possible attempts to realize Demand Response by the power grid authorities, both government and private. The paper describes every terms related to smart grid like Automated Metering Infrastructure, Home Area Networks, Demand Side management. The reader educe a concise introduction and details regarding the  Demand Response, its benefits, recent activities like Building to Grid collaboration conducted in India with an elaborate study portraying in necessary charts.

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Multilevel inverter based on level switch and H-bridge

Sayat Moldakhmetov, Nalik Issembergenov and Abdurazak Kasymov

This article proposes a topology for construction of multilevel inverter consisting of H-bridge and level switch. In accordance with the proposed topology Н-bridge inverts voltage and a switch enables to get any number of voltage levels. At that, in comparison with analogues, the above mentioned topology allows saving on expensive power keys. Moreover, a special technique has been developed to set time of level switching. 13-level inverter has been developed following the proposed topology and methodology. The article highlights the results of simulation in Matlab and an experimental inverter unit.

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Naïve bayesian classifier for acute lymphocytic Leukemia detection

Sriram Selvaraj and Bommannaraja Kanakaraj

Leukemia is a malignant neoplasm of the blood and is one of the major causes of death throughout the world. Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia is the most common type of Leukemia and it generally affects children and adults above fifty years of age. Examination of Peripheral blood smear Image is one of the most widely used technique for Leukemia detection though it suffers from problems such as subjective interpretations, operator tiredness and efficiency. The objective of this work is to develop a method that can classify lymphocyte and lymphoblast nuclei from the ALL-IDB2 dataset. In the present paper, from a set of forty Images of Lymphocytes and Lymphoblasts, nucleus is segmented using K-means clustering method after which a set of features are extracted. Naive Bayesian classifier was used in this work for Lymphocyte classification which yielded 75% accuracy.

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Investigations on an improved soft switched CLLL Dc/DC converter

Deepak Kumar Nayak, S. Sheik Aalam, R. Murugan, K. Selvakumarasamy and S. Rama Reddy

A full-bridge CLLL DC/DC converter that uses an auxiliary circuit is proposed in this paper. The soft switching of lagging leg and auxiliary switches is achieved by the proposed circuit for providing reduced switching losses and high efficiency. The theoretical detail operation of the converter is presented. The proposed converter is verified using MATLAB simulation. Closed loop and open loop circuit models are presented for input step change and output load regulation. A prototype of the proposed DC/DC converter is implemented in MATLAB with switching frequency of 20 KHz and output power of 15 W. The performance of the converter is compared with a conventional full-bridge DC/DC converter.

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Reconfigurable resource sharing VLSI architecture for RC5 algorithm

M. Vanitha and S. Subha

The RC5 Algorithm is a symmetric block based, cipher which has been chosen because of its features such as simplicity of operation, implementation and its parameterizable nature. This work tries to realize the RC5 cipher on an ASIC chip and on a FPGA. The design is optimized to improve latency, throughput, area and power constraints using techniques such as loop wrapping, pipelining, parallel processing and resource sharing. A hardware implementation of the cipher has the advantage of improved speed of operation compared to a software implementation and it also improves its security. The FPGA Implementation has been done on the DE1 board while reports were taken using Xilinx ISE. The design was made reconfigurable to accept two values of rounds and keys. The ASIC Implementation was done using a fixed choice of parameters. The results achieved for area, throughput and power for an ASIC Implementation is presented.  The proposed solution could be used for security in a range of applications such as wireless sensor network nodes, network devices such as routers, servers and in mobile devices.

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Active segmentation and classification for hyper spectral image using back propagation

A. Sathiyavani, S.Pavithra and A. Krishnalakshmi

A set of high-resolution remote sensing images covering multiple spatial features, we propose a classification based on unsupervised technique including pixel-wise and sub-pixel-wise methods to detect possible built-up areas from remote sensing images. The motivation behind is that the frequently recurring appearance patterns or repeated textures corresponding to common objects of interest in the input image data set can help us distinguish built-up areas from other features. In our proposed method have two main steps first; extract a large set of corners from each input image by an improved Harris corner detector. In the second step we incorporate the extracted corners into a likelihood function to locate candidate regions in input image. Experimental results demonstrated that the proposed approach have got accurate estimation compare to the existing algorithms in terms of detection accuracy.

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SDTOR: Secure Data Transmission of Optimum Routing protocol in wireless sensor networks for surveillance applications

E. Vishnupriya, T. Jayasankar and P. Maheswara Venkatesh

Sensor networks are used sometime in very sensitive applications such as health care and military. Wireless sensor networks require the need for effective security mechanism.  In a secure data transmission scenario need to decrypt the encrypted data to perform aggregation. In this paper, ECC (Elliptic Curve Cryptography) algorithm is using for encryption and decryption method. It protects all data against malicious modification and information forgery. The optimum routing protocols are such as LEACH, PEGASIS, APTEEN and AOMDV routing protocols. Sensor network routing protocols were very simple and not developed as security in mind. So the adversary can launch various attacks in the network. The ECC algorithm is used to safe guard from different attacks by building a secure route from source to sink node. The routing protocol suffers from many attacks like spoofing or altering the route information, selective forwarding, sinkhole attack, worm hole attack, Sybil attack, flooding attack. Encryption and decryption has been evaluated in terms of data delivery ratio and level of security. Data delivery ratio can be achieved 85% using ECC algorithm. Level of security up to the level compared to other asymmetric and symmetric algorithms. Base station should receive unaltered and fresh data.

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Modified PWM control methods of Z source inverter for drive applications

P. Srirama Lakshmi and Sreedevi V. T.

This paper deals with the simulation and comparative analysis of Z source inverter (ZSI), also known as impedance source inverter with different shoot through control methods for adjustable speed drives. In order to obtain boosted output voltage, a shoot through state should always be followed by an active state. Therefore, small changes made in the classical three phase sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) technique can provide various shoot through control strategies for the ZSI. Simple boost control with triangular carrier wave, simple boost control with sinusoidal carrier wave, maximum boost control, maximum boost control with third harmonic injection, constant boost control  and constant boost control with third harmonic injection are available in the literature for various types of load and applications. In this work, simulations of various shoot through control methods are performed for the same modulation index and design parameters. The output voltage, output current of the inverter for the same input and load conditions are analyzed using MATLAB/SIMULINK for different types of boost control methods.

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Investigation of temperature regime and luminous flux of light-emitting element of light emitting diode lamp

Danil G. Starosek, Denis V. Ozerkin, Vasiliy I. Tuev, Yuliya V. Ryapolova, Artem U. Olisovec and Alexandr V. Ermolaev

This article presents the results of computer simulation of heating regime, experimental investigation of temperature pattern and luminous flux of the stripe-patterned light-emitting element of LED lamp with convection gas cooling. Computer simulation of heating regime was carried out with the help of CFD software using the finite element method (FEM); luminous intensity distribution curve was simulated by means of optics simulation program. The experiments were performed using a thermal imaging camera and goniophotometer. The light emitting element is a thin sapphire substrate having a chip-on-board (COB) LED array disposed thereon. Studies have shown that temperature increases linearly with the forward current increase, reaching 155°C at the rated operating conditions. Luminous flux ceases to increase significantly at a current of 22.5 mA. The article has discussed the results and proposed possible options for optimizing the heating regime of the light emitting element.

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Fingerprint template secrecy safeguard system through generation of combined template

A. Lenin Fred, J. Jerusalin Carol and Anisha Isaac

A novel system for protecting the fingerprint privacy is proposed by combining three separate fingerprints of different fingers and enrolling it as a new template. Minutiae positions (ridge endings, ridge bifurcation) and the orientations with the reference points are extracted from all the fingerprints. The fingerprint which has the maximum ridge endings are taken as the main template. To this template the templates of the other two fingerprints are embedded to generate the combined minutiae template. The generated combined minutiae template is stored in a database for enrollment. If a complete minutiae feature of a single fingerprint is stolen the system will not compromise, since the combined minutiae template is only stored and also, it is difficult for the attacker to differentiate the original fingerprint and the combined fingerprint since the topology is the same. In the authentication stage, the three query fingerprints are given to the system and are matched against the stored template. It has been suggested to have a matching process of fingerprints comprising of two phases to compare the two query finger-prints against a combined minutiae template. Thus, a new virtual identity is created for the three distinct fingerprints, which can be matched using minutiae-based finger-print matching algorithms. Compared with the state-of-the-art technique, it has the advantage in creating a better novel virtual identity when the three different fingerprints are randomly chosen.

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Fuzzy logic based improved support vector machine (F-ISVM) classifier for heart disease classification

S. Nithya and C. Suresh Gnana Dhas

Classification is the major research topic in data mining. Typically classification represents the data to be categorized based on its features or characteristics. This proposed research work aims in developing fuzzy logic based improved support vector machine classifier. Support vector machine is a type of supervised machine learning technique and once when the dataset is given as input it performs the classification task by itself. The proposed classifier aims in improving the classification accuracy of the support vector machine by making use of fuzzy logic. The proposed classifier has been tested on two different datasets namely PIMA Indian diabetes dataset and Z-Alizadeh Sani dataset in order to classify the occurrence of heart disease among the patients. Performance metrics sensitivity, specificity and classification accuracy are taken for comparison of the proposed fuzzy logic based improved support vector machine classifier (F-ISVM) with several classification algorithms. Results showed that the proposed F-ISVM classifier gives better classification accuracy than that of support vector machine, naive bayes, neural networks, sequential minimal optimization (SMO) and bagging SMO classifiers.

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Mixed pixel wise characterization based on HDP-HMM and hyperspectral image shape detection using hybrid canny edge detection and WPDF

D. Regan and S. K. Srivatsa

Hyper Spectral Imaging (HSI) gathers and processes information from across the electromagnetic spectrum. The information enclosed in hyperspectral data permits the characterization, recognition and classification of the land-covers with enhanced accuracy and robustness. On the other hand, quite a lot of vital complications must be considered during the classification process of hyperspectral data, among which the maximum quantity of spectral channels, the spatial unevenness of the spectral signature, shape discovery of the images and the value of data. Above all, the maximum quantity of spectral channels and low number of labeled training samples pose the setback of the curse of dimensionality and, accordingly, result in the possibility of overfitting the training data. With the aim of solving all these complications, in this work presented the framework of Support Vector Machine (SVM) together with Fuzzy Sigmoid Kernel Function (SVM-FSK) in the circumstance of HSI classification and analyzing their features in the hyperspectral domain. A Kernel Fisher Discriminant Analysis (KFDA) model is employed for the purpose of dimensionality reduction of HSI. The KFDA dimensionality reduction scheme depends on the selection of the kernel in a higher-dimensional HSIfeature space. In order to enhance the gradient level of spatial information employed Improved Empirical Mode Decomposition (IEMD) with Gaussian Firefly Algorithm (GFA) (IEMD-GFA) to boost the mixed pixel wise SVM-FSK classification accuracy. During the process of IEMD scheme, the identifiable of Intrinsic Mode Functions (IMFs) of spectral band, weight values of IMFs are computed with the help of GFA. In order to identify the shape of HSI, novel hybrid scheme depending on the canny operator and fuzzy entropy theory is formulated. This scheme computes the fuzzy entropy of gradients from an image to make a decision on the threshold for the canny operator. For the purpose of detecting the edges and to discover the shape of the object Weibull Probability Density Function (WPDF) scheme is used. The obtained both spectral and spatial pixels are classified using SVM-FSK and estimated by using Hierarchical Dirichlet Process (HDP) –Hidden Markov Model (HMM). The proposed SVM-FSK is assessed with hyperspectral AVIRIS Indian Pine dataset. It shows that the proposed dimensionality reduction with SVM-FSK classification shows improved classification accuracy in terms of parameters like overall accuracy, standard deviation and mean.

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The effect of mechanical impact of high energy on the structural properties of brown coal and the reactivity for liquefaction

Peter Nikolayevich Kuznetsov, Ludmila Ivanovna Kuznetsova, Anastasia Valerievna Kazbanova and Fedor Anatolyevich Buryukin

The effect of preliminary mechanical activation in the energy-intensive mill-activator on the structural and chemical transformations of brown coals and their reactivity in contact with solvents has been established. Mechanical treatment of the brown coals from Kansk-Achinsk Basin was performed in a high-energy AGO-2 centrifugal planetary ball mill. Mechanical activation led to a partial destruction of the supramolecular structure of coal, reduction of the cross-linking degree of nano-sized polyaromatic clusters in the organic matter coal. This results in the increased reactivity of coal in the liquefaction processes (extraction and hydrogenation) to form liquid products.

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This paper presents the implementation of zero voltage switching technique in an interleaved boost rectifier circuit. This converter circuit uses a parasitic capacitor of the MOSFET switch to bring the voltage across the switch to zero. For this purpose, an auxiliary circuit has been provided consisting of two switches and a LC tank circuit. The main application for the converter includes high voltage battery charging in electric vehicles. A comparison of efficiency has been made between conventional interleaved and interleaved resonant circuit to show the performance improvement of the proposed circuit.

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A comparative analysis of respiratory activity and mineralization index in soils of different locations of the dry tropical woodlands in Huila-state, Colombia

A comparative analysis was performed on carbon dioxide emission and the organic matter mineralization index among the soils of three different locations of the dry tropical woodlands (bsT) in the Huila-State (Colombia) by means of the adaptation of a static method for estimating the biologic activity, measured by the breathing of microorganisms contained in soils. According to the soil precedence three treatments were implemented and soil characterization before and after the tests for respiratory follow-up was performed as well. Each test included measurements of pH, organic carbon, cationic exchange capacity and temperature with the purpose of evaluating the behavior of these properties during the process. Following this, the mineralization index for each soil type was calculated from the contain of organic carbon and CO2 released from respiration. Results show that breathing behavior with respect to treatment times is different including significant breathing changes and releasing the highest amount of CO₂ during the first 48 hr. Furthermore, low values for the mineralization index proving the degradation potential of soil microorganisms were obtained for medium and low organic matter content.

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Associated factors of mortality in first-ever stroke patients

Nadiah Wan-Arfah, W Ahmad Wan Muhamad Amir, Mustapha Muzaimi, Mamat Mustafa and Nyi Nyi Naing

The aim of this study was to determine the associated factors of mortality in first-ever stroke patients receiving care in a suburban hospital setting in Malaysia. A retrospective record review study was conducted among 432 first-ever stroke patients in Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia. Information on demographic characteristics, past medical history, clinical characteristics, medications prior to stroke and symptoms and signs of first-ever stroke patients were retrieved from medical records. Multiple logistic regression was used for data analysis. At the study endpoint, 101 (23.4%) death was identified and 331 patients (76.6%) were still alive till data collection was completed. The significant prognostic factors included male, patients with seizure/ fit, marital status, Glasgow coma scale score, fasting blood sugar, smoking status, patients with rheumatic heart disease, level of urea and patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage. The findings of this study highlighted the key clinical parameters of associated factors of mortality in first-ever stroke patients in a predominantly suburban setting in Malaysia.

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Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) suppression in co-located radiating system using complementary split ring resonator (CSRR)

J. Mangaiyarkarasi, N. Sureshkumar and R. Parthasarathy

Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) suppression in co-located radiating systems is presented and this is accomplished by incorporating circular complementary split ring resonator (CSRR) under the feed line of the low frequency antenna. The first harmonic of the low frequency antenna which coincides with the high frequency antenna is suppressed by 8.2dB. The proposed method enables simultaneous operation of 2GHz and 4GHz antenna sharing the common ground.

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Fuzzy logic control based dynamic voltage restorer for power quality improvement in distribution system

For the power quality improvement of the system FACTS devices like static synchronous compensator (STATCOM), static synchronous series compensator (SSSC), interline power flow controller (IPFC), and unified power flow controller (UPFC) etc. are introduced. These devices are used for the transmission system. But now a day’s these FACTS devices are used for distribution system and called as custom power devices. The main custom power devices which are used in distribution system for power quality improvement are distribution static synchronous compensator (DSTATCOM), dynamic voltage Restorer (DVR), active filter (AF), unified power quality conditioner (UPQC) etc. In this paper, for power quality improvement in the distribution system, DVR is used with Fuzzy logic controller. There are two different loads are considered. One is linear load and the other is nonlinear load (induction motor). With these loads different fault situations are created and DVR performances are analyzed.

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A real time RSSI based novel algorithm to improve indoor localization accuracy for target tracking in wireless sensor networks

K. Vadivukkarasi, R. Kumar and Mary joe

This paper deals with the development and deployment of a wireless sensor network for monitoring locations of a mobile target in an indoor environment. The system uses received signal strength (RSS) measurements as the baseline for range determination. Although the RSSI based localization technology needs no additional hardware, the accuracy remains a big challenge because of the severe fading effects and multipath propagation in the indoor environments. This paper proposes a new method along with the Kalman filter in order to improve the localization accuracy. The system is tested for indoor environment. An error reduction of more than 50% is achieved in indoor environment.

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Performance improvement in data searching and sorting using multi-core

Recently multi-core processors have become more popular due to performance, and efficient processing of multiple tasks simultaneously using concurrent and parallel languages like openMP programming The design of parallel algorithm and performance measurement is a major issue on multi-core environment and multi-core modules used in Searching and sorting of data in unsorted database. Multi-core based searching and sorting (of serial and parallel algorithms) can reduce the execution time considerably compared to single core. In the proposed work searching and sorting is done for numbers as well as words in a large database with comparison of both single and multi-core implementation. Multi-core offers explicit support for executing multiple threads in parallel and thus reduces the time. The results for number searching and sorting, word searching and sorting is presented and also speed up achieved using multi-core over single core is reported. Hardware implementation is done on Gizmo board (dual core).

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Comparing network design approaches in areal rainfall estimate of Nigeria river basins

Ngene B. U., Agunwamba J. C., Nwachukwu B. U. and Okoro B. C.

This work shows the importance of rain gauge network analysis in the determination of the number of rain gauges that will accurately estimate the mean rainfall of an area. This research therefore looked at the two design approaches viz weighted and non-weighted approaches that will best estimate the number of rain gauges required in a catchment area. From this, it was established that the 87 existing and operating rain gauges in Nigeria is grossly inadequate and hence the need to improve the density to meet World Meteorological Organization (WMO) minimum requirement for the country’s geographical location. To do this, the reallocated existing and operating rain gauges is added to the optimum results obtained through the weighted and non-weighted design approaches and hence improve on the existing network density. It is expected that financial considerations may play a role in determining the total number of gauges chosen for the country hence should be determined.

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Web based agent and assertion passive grading for information retervial

K. Sridharan and M. Chitra

We propose a computerized solution for ranking query results of Web databases in a consumer- and query-dependent environment. We first derive the ranking function for a consumer query by investigating users browsing choices over individual query results. Based on this workload, we propose a similarity model, based on two novel metrics - user- and query similarity, for ranking query results when user browsing choices are not available. We present the results of an experimental study that validates our proposal for user and query-dependent ranking.

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In this study, the optimization of two parameters: solid-to-solvent ratio and extraction time of the oil extraction process from the dried spent coffee grounds (DSCG) after brewing coffee were investigated by using the response surface methodology (RSM). The results showed that the 14.75 wt.% of calculated yield of coffee oil from the predicted model was obtained, when the optimal condition: the 1:22.5 g/g of mass ratio of DSCG-to-hexane and 30.4 min of extraction time under the 30 °C of room temperature was used. The model was verified by the experiment, the 14.68 wt.% experimental yield of coffee oil was achieved after passing the extraction process under the optimal condition. Moreover, the composition of coffee oil after eliminate the residual hexane were analyzed by the thin layer chromatograph with flame ionization detection (TLC/FID). The 81.156 wt.% triglyceride, 5.926 wt.% diglyceride, 11.428 wt.% monoglyceride, 1.078 wt.% ester, and 0.412 wt.% free fatty acid were found.

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In this work, a hybrid polyethylene/epoxy combination matrix is reinforced with carbon fiber fabric. The objective is to develop a composite material with better tensile and impact properties. Three ratios of high molecular weight polyethylene powder were used as an additive to the epoxy matrix system. These composite materials were manufactured using hand-layup and vacuum bagging technique. The study carried out here is to find the effect of polyethylene weight fraction on tensile and impact properties of the carbon fabric reinforced epoxy composite material.  The results show the tensile strength has been improved by the lowest used ratio of polyethylene additive while, all the hybrid composites exhibit higher tensile ductility. On the other hand, the Izod impact strength shows a degradation in impact properties for the hybrid composites. Several suggestions are made about ways to improve the behavior of such materials.

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In order to reduce CO₂ greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuel power plants the reduction of energy consumption through energy efficiency is a promising avenue. The cooling energy demand of a building in a hot and humid climate like Malaysia contributes a lot to the total energy consumption with air conditioners consuming a reported 57 % of the electrical energy in Malaysian office buildings. A UniKL-MICET laboratory was chosen to test the effect of acrylics sheet as a second layer of a single-glazed window and rock mineral wool as a ceiling insulation on the specific electricity consumption (SEC) of the air conditioner before and after retrofitting. The temperature set-point of the air conditioner throughout the study was 16°C. The SEC was reduced by 3.8 % when upgrading the windows from single glazing unit (SGU) to double glazed units (DGU), while the SEC was reduced a further 2.4 % when insulating the ceiling too (DGU+CI). In addition, the temperature of the air conditioned lab decreased after retrofitting (DGU+CI) by 2°C to 4.2°C depending on location within the lab. Thus, further electricity savings can be expected if the set-point is raised to match the original temperature of the lab. The cost of electricity can reduce to 3.75% per year after retrofitting, with ROI estimated approximately 12 years’ time.

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Hybrid Excitation Flux Switching Machine (HEFSM) mainly utilizes Field Excitation Coil (FEC) and Permanent Magnet (PM) as main flux sources. The motor exhibits high performance compared to Permanent Magnet Flux Switching Machine (PMFSM) and Field Excitation Flux Switching Machine (FEFSM) because of its flux sources consist of both FEC and PM.  The performance of HEFSM can be further improved by introducing Dual Rotor HEFSM (DRHEFSM). The DRHEFSM is designed in order to create high performance motor in terms of torque speed characteristic and efficiency. This newly design motor also has an advantage in controlling the rotor rotation whether for single rotor rotation, inner rotor or outer rotor as well as both rotor rotations. Moreover, when only outer rotor rotates, the outer stator active part produces flux and vice versa when only inner rotor rotates. The purpose of this paper is mainly to validate the operating principle of DRHEFSM in performing the three phase operating principle. It has been proven that the DRHEFSM can work properly by following the operating principle of three phase machine based on the analysis that has been conducted. This motor is expected to perform much better than the existing HEFSM motor.

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Each fabrication work from prototype production, small scale production and mass production consists their own process or called floor plan to assist the whole process via forward or backward technic which being consider the best way to produce product. Cause of various process needed for different product especially in initiated general electric machine prototype, there is no complete process being introduced as proper guide from beginning to end lie process. Actual Prototype Analysis (APA) floor plan which covers five stages from completing of the machine design, material selection, machining process, assembling process and testing process is proposed. Generally, the APA covers experimental analysis approach of the five main stage being design as a flow line in the fabrication process and each line consist their own floor plan to be executed before completion of the stage. The whole process requires validation of the results from Finite Element Analysis (FEA) simulation data to actual processing data that can be used as completion of fabrication process for general electric machine (GEM) and as basic to others fabrication.

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In this study, the optimization of three parameters: methanol (33–117.1 wt.%) , sulfuric acid (1.6–18.4 wt.%), and reaction time (12.7–147.3 min) for methyl ester production from palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) were investigated by using the response surface methodology (RSM). The single-step esterification was carried out to determine the highest percentage of methyl ester production from PFAD using a batch reactor with a six-blade turbine impeller at fixed 300 rpm. The results showed that the 97.028 wt.% actual experimental conversion of ester were obtained, when the optimal condition: 100.6 wt.%  methanol, 9.4 wt.% sulfuric acid, and 91.5 min reaction time was carried out at 60 oC. Moreover, the 115.97% crude biodiesel yield and 99.63% biodiesel yield were achieved, after through the separation and purification processes.

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Diverse topology of three-phase and single-phase Field Excitation Flux Switching Machines (FEFSMs) that have been developed recently have several advantages such as variable flux capability and the single piece structure of rotor suitable for high-speed applications. However, overlap windings between armature and FEC cause the fundamental principles of the develop machine with salient pole rotor created the problems of high end coil, increases size of motor as well as high copper losses. A new topology of single phase segmented rotor FEFSM with 12S-6P configuration is presented with the advantages of non-overlap armature and FEC windings, less weight, low copper loss and high efficiency. The design, operating principles, characteristics of torque, speed and power of this new topology is investigated by JMAG-Designer via a 2D Finite Element Analysis (2D-FEA), while Solidwork software is used in the fabrication process. The initial design enables to obtain maximum torque and power of 16.6Nm and 10.74kW, respectively suitable for High Density Air Conditioner.

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Simple and wide range application of cross-flow runner has lead its application to a Proto X-3 Bioenergy Micro Gas Turbine (MGT) that has been developed. The MGT is a dual-stage radial compressor-turbine type. Furthermore, highly turbulent flow inside the cross-flow fan need accurate analysis. CFD method with RNG k-ε chosen based on models characteristics. This paper analyzed the flow inside the fan based on the experimental data of the MGT and the result represented by several parameters of turbulent flow. The simulation condition were assumed to be isothermal due to the small temperature difference with the tubulent Prandtl number Prt = 1. The result shows several specific vortex inside the runnner. Recirculation flow that caused the eccentric vortex occurs at the inner side while the through flow occurs at the outer side of the fan. The mass flow rate conducted by CFD simulation shows a good agreement with the actual mass flow rate of the cross-flow runner. The results that presented by velocity magnitude, absolute pressure, eddy dissipation, and turbulence kinetic energy shows a realistic on each turbulent parameter based on they trends. This results shows that the method used is prospective to be applied both on analysis or design of the cross-flow runner.

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Looking for the green sources of energy have been the subject for research activities for last decade. For years studies have been using various kinds of energy sources to fulfill energy requirement. In order to reduce further accumulation of greenhouse gases (GHGs), green generator or converter of energy has been designed to replace the conventional (fossil) energy sources. A new technology  had been developed that is known as Natural Dye Sensitized Solar Cells (NDSSC) which consists of a group of photovoltaic cells that produces green energy at low cost of  sensitization material production since no vacuum systems or low cost  equipment are used in  fabrication process. This paper reviews the structure and working principles of dye sensitized solar cell DSCC. Discussing preparation procedures, optical and electrical characterization of  the types of natural dyes, namely, raspberry, blueberry, tumeric (curcuma longa), henna (lawsonia inermis), dragon fruit (hylocereuscostaricensis) and senduduk (melastoma malabathricum). Dye sensitized solar cell with dimension 2.5 cm x 2.5 cm is fabricated by using screen printing method with thickness 10µm of titanium dioxide (TiO2) by putting it on indium tin oxide (ITO) coated glass. Then, the solar cell is tested under sunlight. Dye extracted from raspberry with TiO2 viscosity 1.0 g is the most desired natural dye within the selected range of natural dye, with a value of Isc (0.0367 mA ), Voc (474mV) , FF (0.818), Pmax ( 0.0000142) and ( 0.0568).

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This paper investigates the grid-connection problems for wind turbines and offers appropriate solutions. This paper provides a simulation for the power system during the faults by using PSCAD and MATLAB. A comparison between using PSCAD and MATLAB in electrical circuits is investigated in this paper. The power system simulation used in this paper consists of an AC generator of a power rating 1 MVA and a wind turbine generator 2MVA. The grid frequency before and after the faults is also investigated in this paper. It investigates many case studies and the corresponding analysis for the waveforms and the data involved. The results of the simulation study show that the location of the fault is a very important factor in the power system analysis. Faults in the transmission lines have a dangerous effect in the wind turbines, which are connected to the electrical grid. The results of the simulation also show that the wind turbine, in this case study, supported the electrical grid to maintain the frequency in the same value.

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Transient simulation of three-dimensional distribution of particles in fluid flow is one of the hardest challenge in Computational Fluid Dynamics field. This three-dimensional spatial solver plus temporal transient dimension that makes the whole four-dimensional analysis is more complex when it is formulated on non-geometric boundaries. This solver development work combines all these elements with aim of achieving a complete solver for constrained fluid-particle flows such as in pipelines, fluid passages, buildings or even more complex biomechanics geometries. The fluid solver is based on Splitting method while the particles are modeled with Lagrangian Particle Equation of Motion. The finite difference discretization is solved with semi-implicit technique. Simplified respiratory airway is used as case study to represent complex bounded fluid-particle flow. Temporal dimension plus spatial three-dimensional air and aerosol particles distributions are presented in 5 time frames. The simulation shows how the air flow evolved and particles deposited through the passage. Apart from fluid and particle flow pattern analyses, this work has also significant effects on mechanical analysis for instance particle-boundary collision momentum and collision density, hazardous consequences such as blockage, corrosion, abrasion and reduction in fluid passage efficiency.

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Collisions can happen during reversing or parking the car especially in the limited space. Since many drivers acknowledge that parallel parking is a very tedious task. This research aims to develop the parallel parking system by developing small mobile vehicle as a model. Design of prototype vehicle is considered for the real-life parallel parking. Hence, it can detect a parking space, execute the parking maneuver, avoid hitting the front, rear obstacles and reduce the time for parking. The parking maneuver is simplified by choosing the optimum turning angle for both the first and second parts of the parking maneuvers. At the first stage, ultrasonic sensors sense the parking environment and if the space is sufficient, a safe parking maneuver is generated. In second stage, positioning phase, the mobile vehicle will execute reverse motion into the parking space without any collisions. The last stage, it moves to the correct parking position in the parking space while adjusting itself to a safe distance from front and rear obstacles respectively. It is discovered from the result that developed system required just 1.33 times longer parking space than vehicle overall length. Small mobile vehicles successfully able to manage the parallel park itself without hitting or touching front and rear obstacles.

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Current technology offers variety of methods for underwater mapping a.k.a. bathymetry where Autonomous Surface Vehicle (ASV) is used to complement the weakness of other bathymetry approach. In initializing the design of AquaDroneASV, it started from deciding the specification of the ASV to draw a guideline of the prototype limit. The hull of the ASV was the first to be taken into consideration due to the measure of the vessel’s payload and stability. It was built with dual control modes which are the autonomous and the tele-operated mode with Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver and compass module to assist its localization and navigation. The ASV was then tested at swimming pool, ponds and lakes to analyze its performance on maneuvering, sensors fusion, data logging, and communication range. It was proved to be operational.

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This paper theoretically presents an improved sensitive surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor using multilayer graphene with angular modulation. Metal thin film functionalization with graphene leads to an enhanced sensitive biosensor. This is due to pi-stacking interaction between carbon-based hexagonal structure of graphene and carbon-based ring biomolecules which increase biomolecule adsorption in the graphene layers. In comparison to conventional SPR sensors this produces a large change in the local refractive index at the sensor surface. The light reflection coupled into a SPR mode propagating along a silver-graphene interface is calculated and compared to a conventional silver-based SPR biosensor. The comparison result shows the improvement in sensitivity of biosensor.

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This paper presents comparative analysis of various current differencing buffer amplifiers as an active building block in realization of analog signal processing circuit. The versatility of multi terminal active element (CDBA) as current mode and voltage mode circuit implementation using various methodologies has been reviewed. Also a comparative analysis based on characteristic parameters of various CDBA topologies is done.

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A problem of both fundamental and practical importance to the oil industry is water/oil (w/o) emulsions of which the stability is characterized by creaming or sedimentation, flocculation, coalescence of droplets, and/or phase separation. The knowledge and control of the destabilization mechanisms are crucial for an effective and efficient crude oil dehydration. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of stability on the aging of w/o emulsions for proper characterization and resolution. Bottle test method is commonly used to determine the stability of emulsions in the oil and gas industry. However, the technique is tedious, time consuming and subjective. Thus, a more robust, accurate and automatic multiple light scattering techniques was used to characterize several samples of w/o emulsions of varying water content and salinities. Analyses show that all samples exhibited similar stability behaviour as the original crude oil at ambient conditions. Increase in temperature to 70oC led to little sedimentation in all the emulsions. The stability profiles clearly indicated that the emulsions are kinetically stable.

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The food and beverage industry is one of the most important sectors of the Brazilian economy, with a significant participation in GDP index. The Brazilian economy has been showing a relative stability in the last decades, which takes the sales demand to be more predictable. Due to this scenario of economic stability, the companies has been worried about investing in planning their operations, making use, mainly, of forecasting methods in order to become more competitive in the market. In the case of food industry, the seasonal and the short perishability factors are a limitation to the maintenance of stocks, requiring a forecast with a high accuracy level. The present work consists in applying methods to forecast the demand for products of a food industry, which directs its sales to the food service market, in order to base the short to medium term production planning. Posteriorly, the forecasts will be evaluated using the error measure MAPE and compared to the demand currently considered by the company. The proposed methods feature a reduction of the error approximately 5%.

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Global warming reflected by the variation of climate trend over years is one of major concerns all over the world. The increase in temperature will certainly affect human well-being, health, agriculture and other sectors. This paper investigated the climate trend in four locations namely Melbourne, Oxford, Liverpool and Aberdeen Gardens. Those are categorized under Marine West Coast Climate according to Koppen-Geiger world map. These locations were purposely selected for a research study concerned with thermal comfort. It was observed that the variation in terms of temperature and precipitation over years depends on several factors such geographic location, altitude, latitude and other factors.

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This study uses Blob Analysis technique to optimize Gaussian Mixture Model method performance in detecting and counting cars and motorcycles under heavy traffic conditions. It is profound that by optimizing the minimum and maximum blob area in order to obtain proper blob size from a video image’s region of interest will also improve the accuracy of system. The result shows that appropriate parameter settings can increase accuracy by 28.02% for motorcycles and 10.84% for cars.

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The purpose of this paper is briefly describes review of techniques design a lumped element low pass filter prototype into microstrip line circuits that is normalized in terms of impedance and frequency range. There are several methods have been consequential or developed and used to provide as well as improve the conversion into microstrip line circuit by researchers to interpret the lumped element into a microstrip filter with simple and efficient techniques and which accomplish the design specification. There are some main features of the frequency at microstrip low pass filters to improve frequency responses, to obtain the sharp cutoff frequency response and low ripple corresponding to low return loss in the passband. This paper will investigates different techniques undergoes by some of the research that has been performed in the area of transforming lumped element LPF into microstrip line circuits and the future objectives that must be accomplished for achieved more efficiently devices into the RF wireless communication system to find their way into everyday use.

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Ship design is complex due to the high degree of interaction among the many disciplines e.g. Naval Architecture, Mechanical and Electrical engineering. In preliminary design stage, major decisions on the dimensions and components should be confirmed. A holistic understanding of the engineering economics is crucial factor in order to make decisions correctly. Thus the aims of this paper is to develop a methodology for selecting a prescriptive combination set of the specific component values that produced the values of the given criteria; and a set of results produced from the above prescriptive values. The multi objective optimisation software created manages to solve many conflicting criteria with complex interrelationships not limited to ship design. It is using combination of mathematical models with LabVIEW and Artificial Neural Network. The benefit of the software is not limited for the ship-owner, shipbuilding companies and shipyard operators, but also very useful for the engineers as an option tool when dealing with Conflict Criteria and Complex Interrelationships problems.

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In this paper we propose an algorithm for coordinating a group of mobile robots that go through pre-defined paths in a dynamic industrial workplace. The coordination is characterized by a decoupled approach. Then, a behavior-based architecture be used as the underlying control representation providers a useful encoding that lends robustness to control. Some robot behaviors be designed to support for accomplishing industrial task. Four Lego Mindstorms robots used to implement the proposed algorithm. This research tackles the coordination movement issue in material handling in order to minimize the delivery time. Several experiment have been done to know performances of the system. The promising results have been proved that the proposed control architecture has better capability to accomplish useful task in real industrial-like environment.

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Titanium (Ti) thin films were deposited on glass substrates by radio-frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering under various sputtering power (75-150W) at a relatively low temperature (200 ºC). The influence of sputtering power on the structural, optical and electrical resistivity properties of the films were studied. X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission-scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), UV-Vis-NIR spectrophotometer and four-point probe system were employed to characterize the deposited films. XRD results exhibited only a single prominent peak corresponding to Ti (002) orientation of hexagonal close-packed (hcp) structure. Ti thin film deposited under sputtering power of 75W has amorphous nature. As the crystallinity of the Ti films increased with sputtering power, the grain size and surface roughness of Ti films increased, however, a decrease in optical transmittance and electrical resistivity were found. Moreover, the film deposited under 120W sputtering power demonstrated the highest optical reflectance in the visible and near infrared wavelength regions.

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A neural networks based direct inverse controller for Pressure Process Rig system is presented, including with the performance analysis using an open-loop and a closed loop system. In order to enhanced the performance characteristics of this direct inverse controller, a Fine-Tuning method is proposed. Experimental results show that the open-loop system shows lower MSE compare with that of the closed-loop system, and the Fine-Tuned NN-DIC method always performed better with lower MSE compare with that of the normal NN-DIC method.

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Biochar is a carbon-rich solid product derived from slow pyrolysis of organic matter. The high energy content biochar is storable and easily transported for used as fuels. This study investigated the effect of process parameters on the yield of energy densifiedbiochar from slow pyrolysis of a perennial reed canary grass. The grass was pyrolysed in a batch reactor at temperatures between 300-700oC and 1 atm, with heating rate varied at 5, 10 and 20oC/min. A steady nitrogen flow of 2.0ml/min was continuously purged into the reactor throughout the pyrolysis process. The biochar product was characterized by proximate and ultimate analysis followed by the determination of its heating value. The onset of the reed canary grass transformation into biochar was observed at temperature of 350oC. The yield of the biochar decreased as the final pyrolysis temperature was raised while the yield of bio-oils and gases improved with pyrolysis temperature. The optimum reed canary grass pyrolysis was found to occur between 400-500oC. The biochar produced composed mainly of carbon, oxygen and hydrogen elements. The heating value of the carbon rich biochar was determined at 27-28 MJ/kg comparable to those of low rank coal. The energy densifiedbiochar produced from reed canary grass has the potential to be utilized as a substitute to conventional fuel.

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An investigation has been embarked in classifying the rain types. The Terminal Doppler Weather Radar (TDWR) and rain gauge system are currently installed in Bukit Tampoi, Malaysia, and their data are used in this study. Sampled radar data and rain gauge data collected from January to December 2009 were analyzed. The research methodology involves 2 steps. The first step is the identification of precipitation events within the said period. The second step is “separation” process based on the column reflectivity value at desired location. From our analysis, 32 event data are classified as convective and 175 event data are classified as stratiform.

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This paper presents the conceptual model of the Information Security Vulnerability for E-learning Stakeholders. This model is the derived from literature reviews and multi method studies. The proposed model incorporates the dimensions, components which bringing out the relation of people’s behavior and information security. The model depicted the relationship of dimensions related in the management of information security of stakeholders in e-learning by addressing people’s behavior and their cultural view. The model serves as an integrative structure to understand and define the stakeholder’s cultural view in securing the e-learning environment.

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This paper presents theoretical studies for the suitability of natural dye, tectoniagrandis (Teak) structure of (1, 4, 5, 8-tetrahydro-2 isopentadienylanthraquinone), to be used as photo-sensitizer for the process of photoelectric conversion in the environmentally-friendly green solar cell. The efficiency of photosensitization from natural dye is normally low, however, it can be improved by using the effect of the extracting solvent. Density functional theory (DFT) with B3LYP/6-31G (d) is used to study the photo-electrochemical properties such as the ground state geometries, excitation energy and electronic structures of the dye in different solvents. The UV-Vis absorption spectra of the dye is simulated by time dependent DFT. From the analyses of electronic and optical properties, it is found that the teak dye satisfy as a potential photo sensitizer candidate for DSSCs.

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Spanish legislation evolution has followed the dynamics of deregulation that allowed the evolvement of the installed power capacity on renewable resources in parallel with the development of the technologies on renewable resources. This depends directly on technical and legislative factors related to the economic support to the investment for the construction of this type of power generation systems. The strengths and weaknesses of each stage of regulation can be analyzed following the Spanish energy model. The first phase of liberalization of the market for the production of electric power has been funded. Here technologies used for the generation of installed power from renewable sources have not observed criteria of availability of renewable resources and efficiency in electricity production, as much as expected. The demand for electric energy should match efficient generation, as peaks of consumption demand higher production of electricity. Thus, there should be no need to have installed total power several times greater than the electrical power required. The evolution of electric generation systems according to relevant legislation demonstrates that optimizing the choice of energy mix from renewable sources must prioritize the implementation of concentrating solar thermal plants.

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Voltage and current output performances of a low-power, low-speed induction generator

Hari Santoso, Rini Nur Hasanah, I Nyoman Gde Wardana and Budiono Mismail

This paper addresses the voltage and current output performance of a low-power low-speed induction generator obtained as a modification result of single-phase capacitor motor. This application is prospective for microhydro power generation in rural regions, considering various prohibitive conditions in acquiring brand-new generators. Importing from far away or even from foreign countries sometimes is also difficult to do because of the low purchasing power of the local people, in addition to the lack of human resources with appropriate know-how to establish local machinery industry. Generating voltage up to its nominal value is not always easy to achieve even though rotation speed has reached or even exceeded its synchronous speed. Moreover, it also has to be excited using pre-charged capacitor. During start-up, any load should be disconnected in order not to discharge the capacitor. Once approaching its nominal output voltage value, load can be connected gradually. Increasing the rotation speed above its synchronous value will increase the resulted generator frequency, even though it is not linearly proportional to the rotation speed increase. The loading experiment is demonstrated using resistive load in the form of incandescent light bulbs. It is shown that the resulted generator voltage is of sinusoidal form, but certain distortion is found on the current waveform as a result of energy oscillation between the excitation capacitor and the generator winding inductance.

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The average SER analysis of STBC based FSO systems

Wansu Lim

In this paper, a closed-form symbol error rate (SER) for space-time block code (STBC) in free space optic (FSO) systems is derived. Then the asymptotic performance analysis presents the insight values, the diversity order and the SNR gain. We show that the SNR gain worsens as the number of lasers and photo detectors increases.

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Numerical optimization of the shape of a hollow projectile

Wessam Mahfouz Elnaggar, Zhihua Chen and Hui Zhang

To reduce the drag of a normal hollow projectile, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is applied to simulate numerically the flow fields of hollow projectiles with different shapes; the drag coefficients of different projectiles are calculated. The optimal geometry of hollow projectile with the minimum drag coefficient is obtained accordingly. Moreover, with different inflow Mach numbers, the flow fields of both optimal and normal projectiles are simulated and compared, the flow characteristics are discussed, and the drag reduction effect of optimal projectile is validated.

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Assessment of compressive strength of M40 concrete with manufactured sand- An application based concrete mix

S. S. Saravanan and P. Jagadeesh

This paper presents the performance of compressive strength of M40 Grade artificial sand concrete with partial replacement of river sand to manufactured/Artificial sand. This necessitates huge demand of concrete for infrastructure development worldwide and extreme scarcity of natural sand availability. Investigation carried out by varying 0 to 100% replacement of natural sand with manufactured sand in M40 mix. The concrete specimens were cured on normal moist curing under normal atmospheric temperature. The compressive strength was determined at 7, 14 and 28 days. M 40 Grade concrete using complete manufactured sand  yielded an excesses strength of 7.65%, 7.76% and 2.71% compared to conventional concrete  for 7 days, 14 days and 28 days respectively, with  a reduction of -25.37% in slump. To improve the workability 0.5% of Cera-Chem plasticizer as admixture is recommended. Hence M40 Grade concrete with manufactured sand was found to increase the compressive strength of concrete on all ages when compared to conventional concrete with river sand.

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Direct comparison of FSI optimized Theodorsen and Larrabee propellers

L. Piancastelli, A. Castagnoli and L. Frizziero

The goal of this study is the analysis of the design process of aircraft propellers which are coupled to a piston engine, aiming to find the best design approach. The first design step is the calculation of the initial geometry. This phase is particularly critical since it will affect the following optimization. Several theories for blade design have been proposed during the years.  The most popular are the Larrabee's procedure and the Theodorsen's theory. The Larrabee theory is the most used in recent years, while the Theodorsen was most popular in the WWII era. This work focuses on the differences on the results of the two approaches for a general aviation propeller for light aircrafts. For this aerial vehicle category both the strength and efficiency should be considered, since the production technology cannot be as refined as for larger propellers. As it will be seen, the subsonic nature of these aerial vehicles makes it possible to use both initial design approaches. In a second phase, the evaluation of the effect of aerodynamics and centrifugal loads requires the union of the results that come from CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) and the ones come from the CSM (Computational Structural Mechanics), through the execution of several one way FSI (Fluid Structure Interaction) analyses. However the starting point proved to be critical for the final result. The Larrabee procedure proves to be ideal for high speed aircraft propellers manufactured with up-to-date materials and procedures. The “old” Theodorsen theory leads to a stronger blade that can be easily manufactured with wood or simplified technologies. The Theodorsen blade is superior for the centrifugal load bearing capacity. This geometry leads to lighter blades. The efficiency of the Larrabee blade seems to be superior. However, experience proved that the CFD analysis can be tricky and unreliable for efficiency evaluation. The pressures are better distributed along the Larrabee’s blade with better results at high airspeed. Eventually two geometrically optimized blades have been designed, which have a deformed shape (at cruise conditions) similar to the best aerodynamic geometry and comparable technological characteristics. The Larrabee and Theodorsen designs lead to different optimized blades even after the FSI simulation, demonstrating that the optimization procedure is largely influenced by the initial propeller blade design.

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A multiband MIMO antenna for S and C-band communication applications

B. T. P. Madhav, D. Lakshmi Kranthi, Ch. Kusumanjali Devi, N. Navyasanthi and B. Tarunteja Reddy

A compact multiband antenna that covers operating bands of C and S for communication applications is proposed in this paper. A multiple-input-multiple-output configuration is used in this design with two ports connected to the radiating element of the antenna. The MIMO antenna structure consisting of step shaped radiating element on four sides of the antenna model. Different iterations are constructed by introducing stepped slots on the basic antenna structure .The overall performance of the antenna in terns of s-parameters ,radiation pattern, field distributions, directivity and efficiency are investigated and verified the basic parameters through measurements.

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Simulation method of a pinned photodiode with no image lag and dark current

Jimin Cheon

In this paper, the simulation method of a pinned photodiode (PD) with no image lag and dark current is proposed. The pinned PD has a shallow p+ layer on top of the conventional PD to create the pinning effect. The simulated PD has a one fifth of image lag compared with the conventional one, with much less dark current as well. Silvaco TCAD simulators, mostly ATLAS device simulator, have been used for simulation.

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Hybrid elliptic curve cryptography using ANT colony based authentication system for cloud computing

Hemanth Chakravarthy M. and Kannan E.

In order to meet the recent requirements and environment, the cloud computing become most important resourcefor both industry and personal usage. Hence, cloud computing is the most rapidly growing technology of the past few years. This rapid growth of cloud computing leads to severe security concerns, because security has a critical issue in the cloud computing, as the user/ the provider is the third party and many users are sharing a same cloud. One important design issue in the cloud security framework is space complexity of the security model should be very less in order to meet the mobile customers, because many of the users accessing the cloud by the modern hand held devices. Therefore, smaller sizes of security keys are much preferred for encryption algorithm. Hence, this paper proposes elliptical curve cryptography based security mechanism and ant colony optimization based secured key management technique. The proposed system provides better space complexity than existing RSA and CRT, and the ACO improves optimality.

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Comparison of qualitative assessments of employees work by randomized indicators

Vladimir A. Tushavin, Elena G. Semenova, Maria S. Smirnova and Elena A. Frolova

This article offers the approach based on creation of randomized quality assessments with the use of stochastic domination methods intended for the quality management in information and communication technologies. It considers the existing approaches to convolution of the quality indicators with the use of Kolmogorov mean (Quasi-arithmetic mean), shows an advantage of the randomization of scales to the solution of various qualimetric tasks. It offers the qualimetric scale of the quality assessment of support agents’ work. It considers the modernization of the existing approach based on discrete models of probabilities distribution on integer lattices in relation to the studied objects in information and communication technologies. It shows an advantage of use these methods and gives recommendations to its application for calculation of coefficients of linear verification as the average from randomized coefficients taking into account the set limitations. Comparison of the quality indicators is made on the basis of a domination matrix with the corresponding orgraph creation. It offers the algorithm of casual scales generation on the truncated polytope on the basis of the Dirichlet distribution possessing the linear complexity. It considers the practical examples of the described methods application for comparison of quantitative characteristics of the work quality of support staff. The methodical approaches described in the article are useful for comparison of the objects quality in the conditions of uncertainty.

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Finite element analysis and optimization design of aluminium axial fan blade

Ebrahim Mustafa, Danardono, Triyono and Agus Dwi Anggono

The purpose of this work is to optimize the blade design of an axial-flow fan. Four different chord length and five twisting angle of their blades were studied. The fan was designed by using NACA 5505 series. The first investigation is conducted to the blade design in the variation of chord length. The base chord length is constant of 130mm and the tip is vary from 84, 92, 102 and 110mm. The second study is in the variation of twisting angle from 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40o. The performances of the fans were measured in a Von Mises stress criterion under pressure of 500Pa. From the variation of chord length, the shortest length of 84mm was delivered the the lowest stress. While the variation of twisting angle, the lowest stress is delivered by 40o of twisting angle. The proposed blade design is presented by using combination of twisting angle 10, 20, 30 and 40o in single blade model. The blade total length of 446.5mm is divided into four parts and every part have different twisting angle. From the stress result, the proposed model was delivered lower stress compared to the other models.

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A novel hybrid medical diagnosis system based on genetic data adaptation decision tree and clustering

P. S. Jeetha Lakshmi, S. Saravan Kumar and A. Suresh

The medical expert system is a special type of recommender systems that plays a major role in decision making process by the medical doctors nowadays. This kind of expert systems often provides the medical diagnosis activity based on the handling various patients in various situations by the medical doctors and clinical symptoms of patients to give a list of possible diseases attended with the membership values. Many acquiring diseases from that list are then determined by medical doctors experience expressed through specific combinations of features in the clinical dataset. The major issue of the expert system is increasing the accuracy of the medical diagnosis attributes that involves the cooperation of decision making systems and recommender systems in the sense that predict the behaviors of disease symptoms and the doctors experience are represented by rules whilst the prediction of the possible diseases is identified by the prediction capability of medical expert systems. From the past observation, the accuracy of features similarity could be improved by the integration with the information of possibility of patients belonging to clusters specified by a weighted K-means clustering method. For improving the performance of medical expert system, a new hybrid intrusion detection framework is introduced to improve the classification accuracy. This hybrid system is combining the proposed genetic based data adaptation decision tree (GDADT) and the existing weighted K-Means clustering. Moreover, we have used the existing cluster and decision tree based classifier called Intelligent Agent based Enhanced Multiclass Support Vector Machine (IAEMSVM) for improving the prediction accuracy. The experimental results of the proposed system show that this system achieved high-detection rate with less time and low false alarm rate when tested with UCI Machine Learning data set.

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A perspective approach of software reliability models and techniques

Chahat Sharma and Sanjay Kumar Dubey

Software Reliability holds an important place in maintaining software quality. The efficiency of any software depends on its reliable nature. The evaluation of reliability is a prime function of any software system. A widespread research has been done and various methodologies exist to predict the reliability of software systems. This paper extracts relevant methodologies from various journals, conferences and transactions. It is a perspective approach to analyze the widely used models and techniques which are used to measure software reliability. The paper is mainly divided into five sections: elucidate the evolution of various models and approaches of software reliability, illustrates the object oriented metrics used for estimation of software reliability, the review approach, the literature review and the review results along with certain merits and issues which form basis to bridge the gap between the current and the past research done on software reliability. It also discusses about the future work to stretch the breadth of the relevant literature in order to conduct more research on the extensively used reliability techniques in software industry.

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